Human Resource Law - Scenario Two Research Paper

Human Resource Law - Scenario Two - search Paper ExampleSecondly, the dismissal process should be implemented as soon as possible, as delaying the process may lead to the development of resentment among the employees, which is not good for the business. It should also be say that judgement of dismissal 3 out of 8 employees will be discharging 37.5 percent of the bunkforce. Based on the edible of the US department of labor, discharging more than 33 percent of the employees should come after a 60 age on-paper notice to the affected employees. Therefore, this implies that the firm must meet this condition so as to avoid judicial action. From serving them with the notice, the firm will avoid suits for unemployment benefits (Ameri muckle Bar Association, 2006). The evaluation of the employees to be throwd should also read a review of the personnel memoranda and the policy manual, to ensure that any vague assurances or promises atomic number 18 eliminated. In the area of defini ng specific cause for discharge, disclaimers should be placed to reaffirm that even if the anticipate standards are not met, continued employment will be at will and termination throne be done without cause (American Bar Association, 2006). ... The employees to be discharged The first one is Diane. Her cause for discharge will be her minor attendance problems which she attributes to the sickness of children or some other personal matters. However, it is expected that she may file a lawsuit seeking to get unemployment benefits and compensation after dismissal. Following the suit, the firm should ease up all information on prior warnings, applicable statements and witness statements. Through presenting this information, it will be proved that she violated the policies on lateness and that according to the employment agreement, she signed against the offense especially in the case of replicate offenses (Barmby, Orme, & Treble, 1991). However, it should be noted that the grounds for firing her are not gross enough to warrant her refusal to unemployment benefits. What she would learn to prove, so as to win the case of discrimination, would include that she served the company for more than five years, and that no other offense could be traced from her record. From proving that her actions did not amount to gross misconduct, which injures the interests of the company substantially, she can win the case. The company can increase its chances of winning the case, by clefting her a 60-day notice before firing her or offer her warnings, which if she defies, they can now prove that she violated the warnings (American Bar Association, 2006). The second employee to be fired is Greg. The grounds for firing him include that his absence at work on Saturdays and Sundays has caused a burden to the firm and other employees, which constitutes marginal burden over the business of the employer. Following his absence on weekends, the firm has had to make reasonable changes to the work environment, especially

The International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The International Business - Essay ExampleThe rising tension in the global scenario can be mainly attributed to the rapid changes in the political and economic scenario amidst which organizations operate. Employers endure been endlessly undertaking reform initiatives and developing strategies directed towards improving habit relations and which brings changes in behaviour and location at the workplace and addresses the issues of skill development, work organization and flexibility, compensation, cross cultural management etc (Macdonald, 1997, p.3). The go for seeks to make for an analysis of the changes in the business environment in which organizations operate and the consequent impact on their employment relationships. In this context, particular emphasis is provided on organizations in the UK. A critical analysis is provided in the project which discusses the views and arguments of look intoers and practitioners on the athletic field. This is supported by presenting the ou tcome of previous researches and surveys. This is followed by a critical discussion of the subject and the data collected for the purpose. Literature Review It is seen that the new approaches adopted in organizations are based on a wide range of HRM and employment relationship practices which are directed towards improving the skills and flexibility of the hands within the organizational environment which thrives on communication, collaboration, trust and cooperation between managers, workers as well as their representatives. However, the changes have been universally recognised in all organizations. They are predominantly prominent among the industrialized nations of the world. Low harvest-feast rates have been the fundamental reason for retarding the progress of technological advancement in Great Britain. It has ill-equipped the nation to adjust to the prevailing economic and political situation. The underutilized and minimally legalized system of regulation coupled with stacca to collective bargaining system, growth of labour organizations, low degrees of centralization, proved to be resistant towards attempts to change the system. uncomplete the coalition government nor the subsequent state initiatives succeeded in bringing about any structural base in the UK organizations (Jacobi, 1986, p.3-9). Significant changes were noticed among the trade unions in the organizations. The export and the modernization oriented growth were accepted willingly by the trade unions. It was believed that it would generate high levels of productivity and performance and this in turn would fort the bargaining power of the trade unions. A major emphasis has shifted playing a more contraceptive role by the unions apart from performing their regular functions. Organizations are focussing more on the ingenuous distribution of social wealth which is reflected through the compensation structures and policies (Jacobi, 1986, p.3-9). This section will present some of the research outcomes conducted by the Labour Force Survey in 2005. The results will bring about the impacts of the economic downswing occurring in 2008 and 2009 compared to the previous years. The economic downturn occurring in 2008/2009 has caused a common problem in more often than not all nations, i.e., it

Business law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Business law - Assignment ExampleThe guests should be in fit and able to get payments as per Section 1(3) HPA 1956. As per the British Law the innkeeper will be in the obligation for safeguarding the interest of the guests in reason for the award received from the guests. The innkeepers are also bound to supply adaptation to the guests along with their luggage. The hotels have the right to allocate the rooms to their guest. The hotel ascendency is responsible for the safety of the guests during their stay in the hotel. The hotel authorities are in charge of taking reasonable care for the safety of their guests during their stay in the hotel. As per the British law the innkeepers liability for the safety of their guests is strict. The issue of liability of the hotel authority arises only if there is negligence on the routine of the innkeeper regarding the retention of the customer. In case of non delegable barter greater standard of care is required by the person or authority i n responsibility but only in respect of those things as state by them and non those which has been prohibited or non stated by the innkeeper (Brotherton, 2000, pp.145). Again base on immunity clause, a attempt between two parties might include some limitations or exemption as per requirement. A troupe might be exempted from some liabilities based on some clauses (Jones,2011, p.168). Based on the rules stated above, Freda could not blame the hotel authority for the misplacement of her belongings. The hotel authority clearly stated The Gullies Hotel and its Management would not be held liable(p) for the safety of every valuable left in the guests room and the Hotel has safe deposit boxes at the reception. This is an exemption clause which limits the liability of the innkeeper in this case. Fredas charge would have relevant if she had kept her belongings under the safe deposit box whose responsibility was borne by the hotel authority. 2. Discuss the doctrine of designer. Give peculiar(prenominal) case examples where the court has applied this legal principle. Doctrine of Precedent or Stare Decisis is a part of common law. It is a process by which courts use finding of facts made in earlier cases to assist the verdict of the case presently in consideration. The precedent is arrived by combining the verdict given in the front court cases under similar facts. There have been many cases which came into the court room but their decisions could not be given just because there were no fixed laws prescribed. Judges often delivered verdicts in the courts based on an impulse or sentiment. To overcome such shortcomings the doctrine of precedent was framed where the law stated on a case was followed over time as judge abided by the decisions of previous cases. The judges would meet regularly and evaluate the decisions they made earlier. They would choose the most suitable verdict and apply those if any similar condition came up. The Doctrine of Precedent is subj ect to certain general rules. As per the binding precedent rule, lower courts are bound to follow verdicts made in supreme courts. As per persuasive precedent, superior courts have an option to use the help or refer cases of lower courts in decision making. or so courts are by law bound to follow their own decisions made earlier. The verdict given by the judge has two parts. Ratio decidendi states the principle or cause for deciding the case in a particular way. It forms

Socio-Technical Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Socio-Technical Systems - Essay ExampleThroughout the various stages gnarly in this case study, its success was highly shaped by the constitutions fond system. onwards the E-File system was adopted by the company, its workers were frustrated with the level of service they received. The workers termed this as deteriorating service as their issues were non addressed in while. Those that were injured at work had to wait for a long period of time for their claims to be processed, a process that was greatly tiring and time consuming. This meant that the level of relationship between the workers and the organizations administration was strained. However, the adoption of the upstart technological system was a breath of fresh activate to all. The E-File system was swift and convenient. The workers claims could now be processed in a timely manner. This helped in save time for both the workers and the management, a time that could now be used in carrying out other(a) organizational a ctivities (Golden-Biddle, 2). According to Golden-Biddle (2), human beings organize themselves into the different kinds of tender groupings they interact with in everyday situations. In this case, the workplace can be considered as a social grouping in which the company workers associate degree with everyday. When carrying out the transition from the paper based work processes into the more technical E-File system, the companys social system played a vital role in shaping its final outcome (Parker, 6). As such, the companys staff was in a office to consult amongst one another on how the raw system worked. Though much of the staff was already highly skilled on the new tasks at hand, those that did not understand the technical aspect of the new system were in a position to learn from those that already had more knowledge and expertise in the system. This ensured that no worker was left undersurface in the evolution from the paper based process into the new paperless system. At th e same time, the workers were in a position to learn how the system worked from a much better perspective when taught by their co-workers than from the technical experts. The indemnity management understood that it would highly depend on the ability and willingness of its employees to develop new work practices and skills in order for this new project to take effect. This meant that the organization had to find ways through which any hoo-ha or hindrance to these changes could be eliminated (Stebbins & Shani, 17). As such, the company devised new ways through which they could appeal to the employees socially and dampen whatever fears they had in regards to the project. In order to achieve this, the company recognized the need for promise its workers that they would not be change by the technological changes. To this effect, the insurance company negotiated a provision indoors the collective employment agreement and a wage protection for its entire staff that would be affected by the technological change within the organization (Parker, 5). In this case, the technical system interacted perfectly with the social system in shaping the outcome of this new project. After the implementation of these new provisions, more workers embraced the new system. This is because they felt that their social surroundings were safe and were not on the verge of collapsing (Stebbins & Shani, 28). This new agreement present that the employees would be given the support and time that they would require to learn how the new syste

Business Start Up Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Start Up - Assignment ExampleThe psyche can besides choose when to work and not to work when he is not highly motivated. This will give the soulfulness t produce high flavor output.Working alone and universe self-employed means being in control of all the decisions that has to make. The person gets to decide on his own blood line plan, his own quality assurance activities, pricing and marketing methods. At the sae sentence, there is a 100% job security the person will never get fired.People usually do what they want to do unless they are other motivated. They must be motivated by themselves or by an external stimulus. Motivation is, in effect, inducement others in a specific way towards goals specifically stated by the motivator. In an organization these goals, as the motivation system, must conform to the collective policy of the organization. The motivational system must be shipshape to fit the needs of the organization. Joining the world of the self-employed is very risky. Considering the freedom to choose how much time and when to work, who to work with, low operating cost, no hassle in beating the office hours, if everything goes well, earning more coin is very possible without working for someone else, it is worth the risk.2. Skills RequiredEntrepreneurship is a term in business that is always mistaken as something synonymous with small business. Basically, a businessman cannot be considered as an enterpriser just by initiating the business, but rather by having a behaviour flesh that concentrates on chance rather than resources (Drucker, 2002). This behaviour can be applied in either small or corporate businesses, by any manager or leader. It can be said that referring entrepreneur as an soulfulness who creates a business literally is incomplete, as the term also signifies most importantly a pattern of behaviour and attitude, and not just the tangible sole proprietor of the organization or the business. Churchill (1992) defined i t as the process of uncovering and developing hazard to create value through innovation and seizing the opportunity without regard to either resources (human or capital) or the location of the entrepreneur - in a new or existing company (p.586). Hofstede (1997) stated the definition of entrepreneurship in other terms, referring it as a process that takes bunk in different environments and settings which causes changes in the economic system through innovations brought about by case-by-cases who generate or respond to economic opportunities that create value for both those individuals and society (p.352). In other words, it is considered as individual or organizational level phenomena, or the experience of continuously searching for growth through proceeds and innovation. The entrepreneur must possess typical characteristics such as the capability to take risks innovativeness knowledge on how the market functions manufacturing know-how marketing skills business management skills interpersonal skills, organizational skills (that I already have ) and the ability to cooperate (Buheiry, 1989). Possessed with such characteristics, entrepreneurs have shaped literally the economic condition of the world as we see it. They are the ones who are

Managing for the Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Managing for the Future - Essay good exampleOne of the main objectives of the company is to promote healthy food for the betterment of the society and community (Kelloggs, Our lading to Nutrition Education). Kelloggs cereal is manufactured in to a greater extent than 20 countries and is marketed in more than 180 countries of the world (Kelloggs, Our Location). Kelloggs was formed by W.K. Kelloggs in the year 1906. Kelloggs maintains a diverse workforce and believes in promoting a healthy work environment for successful terminus and attainment of goals (Kelloggs, 2013d). The company has been offered several(prenominal) awards for delivering excellent performance and high quality products ilk the Top 50 Company for miscellanea from Diversity Inc and 100 Best Places to Work from Computer World (Kelloggs Diversity & Inclusion). Although, the brand has been successful in marketing cereals of varied flavours the company earns majority of its revenue from its shopping mall product whi ch is the plain flavoured cereal (Kelloggs, Heritage). 1 Historical Performance milieual degradation has cash in ones chips a growing concern for the society, government and community. The major cause of environmental degradation has occurred due to the tinct of the business activities and process. The major alterations in the biodiversity have interacted in the most complex ways within the environment. The environmental issues in developing and developed countries have propelled the demand for restructuring the environmental reform. The environmental issues have compelled the government of various nations to develop knowledge of environmental imperatives, regulations and rules. The government of varied nations is trying to manage the situational crisis by implementing measures for environment protection. Environment protection measures developed by the government have helped in creating awargonness about environment and societal protection. The basic and fundamental problems of environmental degradation would be solved with the assistance of the transnational corporations. The assistance from multinational corporations is required for reducing the carbon emissions, toxic elements, hazardous waste, etc. The government of varied nations has implemented several measures and guidelines for the corporate organizations to abide by. 1(a) The different types of environmental protection measures developed by Kelloggs during the tenure 2007 to 2013 are as follows Year Environmental issues & Sustainability Technology 2007 The company implemented a global energy circumspection program which promotes energy conservation, manage energy usage and develops energy saving opportunity by including alternatives like renewable energy and fuel. The management for the product focused on packaging faculty by percentage products which are fresh for consumption process. The main focus of the company was improving its packaging process by developing efficient packaging system wh ich focuses on reducing the linear weight and paper poster quantity in manufacturing products (Kelloggs, Annual Report 2007). 2008 The company developed the Kellogg Environmental System (KEMS) which ensures the improvement in environmental aspects by conforming to the environmental policy. Three environmental programs of Kelloggs have obtained ISO 14001 certification which signifies its efficiency to comply with environmental standards. The company focused on efficient use of

Narrative, genre, script Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Narrative, genre, script - Essay ExampleIn the Goblet of fire, the audience follows the life of rag muck about in his fourth year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry (Janice, 2013, p67). The book concentrates on the efforts the destruction eaters lead by He Who sh both not Be Named, to kill Harry during the Triwizard tournament.The books, with those that precede and follow it, completely belong to the genre that is speculative fiction. Speculative fiction encompasses all forms of fantastical fiction in literary works and arts. The books together with the films target the youth especially children (Victoria, 2011, p38). This is because the characters in the books are all children who later grow up to become adults. Throughout these series, the author narrates the challenges that Harry Potter encounters while growing up to become a wizard (Heilman, 2008, 21). The stories of his friends, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, are also intertwined with his.This book is halfway in the series and is key in the reading of Harry Potter as the main character in the story. The book shows us the first coup doeil of Harry as a growing adult who now has responsibilities (Janice, 2013, 73). In film, the characters that play Harry, Ron and Hermione have all grown up since the first instalment of this series. This essay will try to summarize and at the identical time criticize this book, which is over seven hundred pages, to try to see if it fulfils the expectation of its alleged genre.Harry Potter, in all essence, is an unlikely hero. This is because of his stature, he has a skinny frame and wears spectacles, together with the fact that he learned about the wizarding world quite late in his life (Heilman, 2008, p93). Furthermore, Harrys relatives do not appreciate him and often undervalue his prowess as a wizard. The Dursleys, his only surviving family members, ill-use Harry and they are wary of his abilities. The odds stacked against Harry are insurmountable fr om the beginning of the

Personal and professional growth statement with goals Research Paper

Personal and skipper growth statement with goals - Research Paper ExampleSub-consciously, pupils teach more to their teachers than they can fathom. Another article of belief that I came to view as superstitious is the belief that education was designed solely for equipping an exclusive with intelligence. Unfortunately, this is the same thought that almost people have and the truth of the matter is that this is a misguided quest of view. One of the major objectives of education is to assistance a learner or a child acquit the inborn capabilities and talents and the potential that they possess (Gardner 34). If articulated in the right manner, education will help the learner to be able to get under ones skin and nourish problem solving skills on a personal level. These ar the two major realizations that have helped me grow as a person and as a forthcoming professional educator the second being the most impactful. As discussed, the first realization that has had an impact on my way of thinking is the fact that learning is an interactive process in totality. As a schoolroom based educator, my number iodin objective should be to create a conducive classroom climate. A conducive classroom climate is one that encourages the participation of all the students in class. For example, group discussions is one of the slipway that can promote a conducive classroom climate. ... School climate is based on the experiences that one gets from school life and reflects the norms, goals values, inter-personnel relationships, teaching, learning and leadership practices. As an elementary educator, my goal is to help create and develop a school climate that produces a holistic student (Hinman, 96). My second realization has helped me understand the magnificence of education in helping an item-by-item to realize their in-born capabilities and talents. Through the theory of multiple intelligences, Howard Gardner explains that there argon nine multiple intelligences that a re present in humans (41) . These intelligences are in-built and the role of education is to nurture them to perfection for the attainment of their full potential. Linguistic intelligence is the first kind of intelligence that Gardner highlights. This is the ability of an individual to use language to express their thoughts. Most elementary students are very vibrant and proactive in speech. It is however not easy for a child to express their thoughts in a direct manner. If a child shows signs of linguistic intelligence, it is up to me as an elementary teacher to teach them how to nurture this talent and help them in development of their career. It is essential to help children grow in their linguistic intelligence because language is the most common and most accepted form of communication in the world. Another form of intelligence is tenacious thinking. It can also be referred to as mathematical thinking. Some children have the capabilities to understand the underlying prescript o f a casual system and can be able to manipulate numbers (Adsit, 67). When I occasion a professional educator, I will be teaching such kind of children how to use their capabilities to come up with inventions among other

Critiquing a piece of paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Critiquing a piece of paper - Essay Examples the authors indicated the aim of the word as to discuss the honest issues highlighted by the baptismal font (where a patient had longstanding medical checkup issues which take to her four months stay at the ICU and reportedly dependent on ventilator support, haemodialysis and ingrained parenteral nutrition) and to provide a course of action for the patient that suitably addresses these issues (DeMaio and Clendenen par. 2). In doing so, the authors established evaluating ethical issues, as well as end of life principles of care.To support the line of argument, it is commendable for the authors to have use simple and concise words and language that could be easily comprehended by readers of diverse educational backgrounds. The structure of the discourse was also effective in enhancing the readers understanding of the arguments through subdividing the article in sub-headings, such(prenominal) as the definitions of core principles in med ical ethics current guidelines for the transition to end-of-life care and the ethical issues face patients who manifest symptoms and in the situations provided within the guidelines.To evaluate the authors choices of secondary sources of information to support their contentions, one could deduce that from the 29 references, only 10 references were sourced from 1990 to 2000 (which could be considered outdated) and the rest, 19 was sourced from 2001 to 2010, where 15 or 79% were fairly recent (from 2006 to 2010). Of those sourced from references beyond 10 years ago, majority were guidelines from the American Medical Association which could be deemed applicable until contemporary times, unless other than revised.There is therefore enough credible evidence to support and prove the contentions in the identified case through expounding on patients autonomy, a patients quality of life, and medical futility. The discussion on the role of decision-makers in cases of surrogates and any confl icting interests regarding transitions to palliative

The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

The schema and Tactics of Pricing - Case Study ExampleThis should be made possible by ensuring that the sets offered by all the dealers atomic number 18 equal through auditing process (Kourdi, 2009). The company needs to make a staring(a) auditing of all the dealers to ensure that none of them sells the product either above or below the recommended company price of $12, 000. Customers must be made to understand that they can only get good after-sale support work from the local dealers and not the distant dealers. The dealers may be connected to a digital sale receipt programme that allows them to enter sales records and prices offered on the product. The same information should be reflected on the receipt given up to the customer (Frasco, 1991). The companys technical team must also follow up with the program to ensure that fabrication of data is made impossible. Steve Marsh can adopt rebranding of the PSX-360 product. The rebranding of the commodity entails a cast of aspect s. As it can be revea take that the external dealers atomic number 18 the main cause of deteriorating sales to Steves organization. The sound recording industry in which Pro-Audio operates seems to be taking the structure of a monopolistic competition where there are several numbers of sellers who are competing on same commodity or service. In this case, there are both first and atomic number 16 movers in quantity and price. All dealers have been identified to enjoy benefits of second movers (Gopalakrishnan, 2007). They have adopted high discounting techniques that have led to deteriorating sales in Pro-Audio. Consequently, the external dealers have led to the deterioration of the PSX-360 image within the market. Product rebranding entails changing on the products attributes such as color, name, adding aspects of the PSX-360 functionality, logo, advertisement themes and dodge that its marketers use in selling the product (Gopalakrishnan, 2007).

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis - Assignment Examples to be drawn in some cases where procedures are considered unethical, especially, where couples create savior siblings aimed at saving a seriously sick sibling. Even though the engineered boor does not get physically harmed and does not benefit, the discount of this procedure is morally unethical. It is not fair for couples to have a second child with the sole shoot for of serving as a donor while disregarding his/her right to equality. Having a donor child resembles slavery where the savior child is regarded the slave while the parents are the slave-owner. The parents own the child and use him/her as a commodity but, the child is a person who requires respect. There also has to be a sic to this because there are higher risks of long-term and psychological impact on the second child. The childs identity is likely to be impaired because of being viewed as a tool that is solely designed to save another life. The child is also l ikely to lack self-respect and self-esteem as he/she is likely to get praised for being a means to achieve a particular end instead than for his/her individual value.A line should also be drawn in cases where parents abuse PGD to meet their narcissistic needs of creating a perfect child. Avoiding genetic disorders to protect someones life is one issue but, it is another to transform a person artificially (Hayes, 2008). Some parents pick traits that they find to be estimable and get rid of those that they find imperfect, so they satisfy their goals of not having socially and financially burdensome child. The cerebrate is wrong because it is a direct discrimination against disabled children. Ethically, this also violates the core value of humanity by come up toing a child as a means towards an inappropriate end. The childs well-being is treat while the parents economic and social ends are being pursued. Designing a child destructs their will and fails to treat them humanely (Cu mmings, 2009).PGD has given couples opportunities to

Critically evaluate the key concepts and processes of innovation Essay

Critically evaluate the key concepts and processes of innovation - Essay ExampleMultinational enterprises organizes themselves into clusters in order to exploit benefits within the clusters for example they have explained that international corporation spread familiarity in different economies rather than inter firm networks .Multinational enterprises are crucial actors In innovation globally and contributes greatly on knowledge based economy .technology pitch of knowledge from multinational to foreign subsidiaries is more project amentaceous than in local companies hence the productivity advantage of multinationals .Research and increase has been internalized by decision makers in government and this has increased innovations with multinational cooperations have built up their sales distribution and trading operations base in foreign countries.(Kinchella,2001). Innovation Innovation has being defined as the ability of support to devote resources into innovating new areas wh ich have not being explored and exploiting. For example he tried to explain how socialising of managers has contributed to increased integration ( Mudambi & Swift, 2012) the only Way to achieve this is by with research and unusual postulate investment is geared towards exploiting existing ownership development(R&D) actitivities to trap unutilized resources globally. Innovation can only be achieved through foreign direct investment by multinationals corporations which transfer technology and hence end up benefiting the local industries mainly from spillovers and capturing absorptive capability of potential benefits from FDI (Zhao & Zhang 2006). Environment affects innovations and adaptation of new technology and improve extra time in order to enhance technological capabilities and competitive advantage such decisions are influenced by the incentives , foodstuffs skills , majuscule and suppliers as well as institutions which firm interacts with . Hence innovation is an interacti ve process which links instruments responds to the market and this determines the rate of generation adaptation acquisition and dissemination of technology in productive activities. Innovation has played an important role in shaping policies and how interactions and linkages between actors bring about market failures the interactions between firms and non firm sectors i.e. universities and research and development. Innovation seeks to improve and find new ways of doing things. For example, in the European union states such as Czech Republic and Hungary used protectionist policy to encourage multinational enterprises (Narula & Guimon, 2008). Foreign direct investment (FDI) is one of the most used methods to show how innovation has helped provide positive externalities into the local economies multinational companies transfer technology to the foreign subsidiaries that can be appropriated by local firms (Garcia& Huergo 2008). Technology transfer Technological clusters enable flow of local knowledge and innovations. This knowledge is tactical and involves new concepts and ideas like in research and development where innovation requires high knowledge in its creation. This enables transmitting knowledge from one psyche to another and increases labor productivity and specialization (Castelles, 1999). Technology is defined as a scientific knowledge of methods used to advance in how we do our daily activities in expanding growth in the host. Research and development is the only way to explore new ways of producing goods and services. To

Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Biology - Essay ExampleCreatine Phosphate overly called as creatine is a source of vim which on reaching the muscle is converted into phosphocreatine. It provides energy during heavy work out when there be low levels of ATP and acts as a major(ip) source of energy.5. During short bursts of extreme muscular activity, lactate (lactic acid) can build up to high concentrations in the muscles and blood. the reason usually given to explain this accumulation is during strenuous work out sessions the oxygen put in the blood cannot farm energy that can satisfy the demand of the body so, there are other processes that start functioning in the body that operate in the absence of oxygen to produce ATP for which lactic acid is the end product. During exercise the energy stores in the muscle are depleted and the energy is derived from other process which are biochemical and metabolic in nature. They tend to release substances equivalent lactate which accumulate and lead to generation of musc le fatigue because the muscle cannot excrete the metabolites compared to the speed at which they are produced.6. Mitochondria are an essential part of the cell structure which is responsible for generation of energy. Mitochondria Cytopathy is a distemper that affects the mitochondria leads to decrease in production of energy leading to multiple organ failure.

Case Study of Nursing tool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case Study of care for tool - Essay ExampleAccording to his next of kin (his daughter) he is usually fit and well, and leads a reasonably healthy lifestyle. Mr A is profoundly deaf, and uses sign language and lip reading to communicate.Due to his prolong immobility Mr A is susceptible to tissue damage. Because of his condition an adapted Waterlow (1985) risk assessment is carried out on a regular basis to manage the risk to his skin integrity.There three scales used to measure the risk of developing compact ulcer Braden, Norton and Waterlow, however, none of these three tools satisfactorily measure ulcer development for a hospital forbearing (The Royal College for Nursing, 2005, p. 34). One reason for this is lack of prognosis in the developing these tests. When all methods have quasi(prenominal) lack of precision then Waterlow is used for its ease of use. Philip Woodrow is not very supportive of using Waterlow (1995) as it is now rather dated (p. 110). Another study for pressur e ulcers prevention and treatment by substance for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) at the University of York, concluded that there is no best buy equipment that can be recommended (Cullum, Ciliska, Haynes & Marks, 2013). Sussman and Jensen (2007) evoke that all three scales Braden, Norton and Waterlow, are effective they are validated risk assessment instruments (Sussman & Jensen, 2007, p. 346). A rallying cry of caution goes with this justification The NICE (2005) guideline consider risk assessment tools like Waterlow (1988, 2005) and Braden (1987) as aide memoire nurses must not solely rely on these tools (Iggulden et al., 2009, p. 192). These tools do not replace clinical judicial decision (Ousey & McIntosh, 2008, p. 171).Despite the fact that the card is outdated, it is still very useful today. The literature review suggests using two formal and informal methods to assess the risk of PU. It is also useful in the sense that it allows the card piss to compare with

Inventory Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inventory Management - Term Paper ExampleThis research will receive with the definition of consumerism as a phenomenon where there exists a never-ending and never satisfying hunger for the manipulation of goods and services. Economists term consumerism as the dynamics or symbol of a progressive and booming economy. The basic innovation in economics is when consumption, that is the purchase of goods and services in an economy, is increasing then the economy is on the limen of a boom and if things argon the other way round than the economy is in recession. There is lowering economics basis behind the concept of consumer culture. In economics terms, consumer culture is synonymous with securities industry culture. In such a situation the worths of commodities are determined solely by take aim and supply factors. To regard this we bear simply say that when demand of a particular commodity is high in the market than its price will go up., but if supply exceeds the demand of the c ommodity in the market than the price of the particular commodity will go down automatically. In such a case the choices or buying decisions that consumers conduce independently, serve to define the structure of the market. The marketers and entrepreneurs have used this concept of consumer culture greatly to their advantage. Consumer culture has provided marketers and entrepreneurs, means to understand the needs and wants of a particular market better and then allow for these needs and wants in a profitable style. We can understand this with the help of an example. Supposing you have to travel o a particular domain where your in-laws are living, you will find out about the culture of that country such as local customs, the way they dress, local cuisine and common linguistics etc. so once you enter that country you will be able to interact with the locals in an improved manner and they would be pleased to host you. In a connatural manner when entrepreneurs are about to take on a particular market segment, they study the consumer culture of that market. Studying the consumer culture includes looking at the trends of the market in terms of profitability, analyzing demand, consumer behavior, the satisfied and unsatisfied needs and wants of the market. Once these rules are learnt than the marketers chip in and play their game. (Birchal 2010)The Need for Inventory ManagementThe entrepreneurs, having studied the market trends and being well acquainted with the consumer culture, can determine certain variables that are almost impossible to discover otherwise. The entrepreneurs can determine future demand of a particular product that they are selling to a particular segment.Having talked about consumer culture we essential not forget to mention the changes that have taken place in the market over the blockage of time. With the introduction of more and more products by the companies and entrance of giant companies that offer products that serve to cater to simila r needs and target the same set of consumers have actually helped to make the market place a battle field. Today customers have so many options and choices to choose from. In fact making a buying decision has become a Herculean and specialized task for the customer. Where on one reach out intricacies at the end of consumer have increased then on the other the customer has become real powerful as well, and one cannot repudiate the fact that products and brands that do not meet customer expectations are either ousted or kicked out of the market and become forgotten history.Here inventory management becomes a key concept that needs to be discussed and highlighted to limelight. As we talked about the concepts of customer expectations and consumer culture so we as well need to understand that they are very closely linked to inventory management. Finding the product on the shelf is one of the most significant customer expectations, significant yet basic. Finding the product on the shel f implies that the product must be available to the customer at the right place in the right quantity at

Native American Vision Quest Essay Example for Free

Native American Vision Quest EssayVision Quest A flock signal is a rite of passage in Native American cultures and much specifically the Oji-Cree. It was undertaken by a person when they reached puberty. The vision quest comprised of going to the wild for about ten old age to fast. This took place either at the top of a hill or if need be a platform built in a tree. During the vision it is expected that at least one or more spirits would take pity on the individual and become his or her protector in the ordeal as hearty as a source of spiritual power for action. The carrying out of the vision quest was normally for males only in some Native American cultures however for the Oji-Cree both males and females participated in this quest. During the vision fast power could be obtained and subsequently enhanced by fasting. During the course of the vision quest an individual would also receive his or her secret name from their spirit protector. The vision quest naturalized for half of the spiritual rituals the Oji-Cree would undertake the other(a) half being the shaking tent ceremony.The historical deduction of this ritual was it was undertaken by individuals to provide power for themselves. Power was important as the Oji-Cree believed that power was inherent in every living thing and object, thus making it a important part of their way of life. Torah The torah or also known as the law are the first five books of the Bible. It contains the essence of Judaism as well as ethical teachings and basic guidance. The Torah also contains the Ten Commandments which were given to the Hebrews by the Prophet Moses.The books that make up the Torah are Genesis (creation), Exodus (departure), Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. Although sometimes it may contain The Prophets and usually the Psalms and other writings however some Hebrew scholars omit the Psalms and other writings. In the Christian assurance the Torah is known as the Old Testament. The Torah provides neo d ay Jews with a explanation of what occurred in the time of the biblical Hebrews, events such as the conquest of Canaan and the exploration into the promised land are written in the Torah.The Torah is an integral part of the Jewish faith and is a corner stone in the teaching and spreading of the Jewish faith. Complimentary religious texts include the Mishnah and Talmud. In addition to providing the Jewish faith with guidelines and commandments the Torah also allowed for the academic version of Hebrew teachings. These studies and interpretations were carried out by men called Rabbis which means teacher or my master. The Torah had increased significance during the Hellenic occupation of Judah as it became the foundation for the law of Judah in an attempt to preserve Jewish religion.The Torah also motto translation by the hands of the classicals later on as the Greeks were fascinated by Judaism. This translation was named the Septuagint (in Greek it was Septuaginta) which meant se venty, seventy being the number of translators needed. Quran The Quran is the central religious text of the Muslim faith. Islamic adherents believe that the Quran is the direct word of God. Its origins start when the Prophet of the Muslim faith Mohammed was approached by the angel Gabriel during the month of Ramadan on Mount Hira. This was a repeat experience as it happened in later points in his life.In inflame of the fact that he was illiterate, he recited the teachings he had heard from Gabriel and by extension God to his followers who wrote them down. correspondent to the Torah and the Bible the Quran was a written copy of oral tradition. However while the Torah and the Bible had multiple authors, Mohammed was the touch on individual who dictated the Quran. In Arabic the word Quran means reading or recitation and it is loosely believed that the Quran was to be the final message of God to humanity, making Mohammed merely the vessel from which this was sent.The Quran is treme ndously significant to Muslims as in their eyes it is more than just a Holy Book, they see it as divine musical theme in written form consisting of the very mind and essence of God being communicated through Mohammed to humanity. It is a similar concept to the Christian concept of Logos, which is the Word of God being incarnate in messiah Christ. The Muslim equivalent of Logos would be the Quran. Like the Christians Bible and the Hebrews Torah the Quran provides the frame deform of the Muslim faith as well is integral to the carrying out of the religions tenants.The Quran has influenced many events across history and can be considered the finest piece of literature in the Arabic Language. Sunni Sunni is one of the sects of Islam, the other being Shia . Sunni is also the legal age sect in Islam. The origins of the Sunni sect are intertwined with the Shias in an event known as the Shism. The origins of Shism derive from the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Mohammed named Ali. M ost historians believed that Ali was the first male to embrace the Prophets message of Islam.His adherents also believed that he was he rightful successor of the Prophet and that he had been chosen by the prophesier as the political and spiritual leader of Islam. The Sunnis were the faction who did not believe that the Prophet had selected Ali to succeed him. This conflict of beliefs caused a schism with Islam and saw the creation of Sunnis and Shiites. While this schism was centuries ago it has significant implications in the modern day setting especially in the Middle east.In Iraq a part of the current warfare which is occurring is between the two conferences. While Sunnis are a majority in most of the Muslim world, Iraq is preponderantly Shia. The President of Iraq Saddam Hussein belonged to the Sunni faction and represented the minority rule over the majority in the country. While the Sunni faction differs from the Shia on terms of succession and other doctrine both groups a dd together that Allah is one and Mohammed is his last prophet. Regarding Islam, Sunni is often referred as the orthodox version of the religion.Bhagavad Gita The Bhagavad Gita is a 700 hundred verse Hindoo scripture. It is a veda or a old sacred book of Hindiism. The Bhagavad Gita is an epic poem describing classical Hinduism and was peaceful approximately near the end of the pre-classical age and beginning of the classical age of Hinduism. Its writing form is as a narrative of a smashing battle and is a section of a larger work known as Mahabharata, which was created much earlier in time. The premise of the Bhagavad Gita is Prior to the battle a great warrior, Ajuna hesitates to fight.His charioteer, Krishna teaches him that it is his purpose and destiny to fight. Ajunas charioteer turns out to be an incarnation of the god Vishnu or in Hindu culture an avatar. The Bhagavad Gita is a compilation of centuries of developing worship, mediation and thought. The text consists of dev eloped concepts of classical Hinduism touching on several points such as the gods Vishnu and Shiva and the concepts of karma, dharma, reincarnation and cases. The dimensions of the Bhagavad Gita are 18 chapters and 700 verses found in the Mahabharata.The Bhagavad Gita was spiritually important as it served as a source of spiritual knowledge as well as serves to reveal the purpose and goal of human existence. lord Kung Master Kung or more commonly known as Confucius is one of the most important Chinese philosophers. He is traditionally hailed as the father of philosophical school of Confucianism. In addition to his capacity as a philosopher Master Kung was also traditionally known as a was a thinker, political figure and educator.Master kung was said to have lived from 551-479 B.C, his teachings were transferred orally by his students, emphasizing a way of life called ren. Ren was defined as right living and was achieved through li or ethical propriety, good manners and traditional ritualistic practices. According to his teachings family was seen as the central vehicle to cultivate these attributes. Master Kungs thoughts became available in a book known as the Analects. Master Kungs journey consisted of him leaving his life behind and wandering with a band of disciples until he found internal peace.While claims are unlikely, Master Kung is attributed with works known as the Five Classics. These classics consist of the Shu Ching or Classic of History (writings and speeches from ancient Chinese rulers), the Shih Ching or Classic of Poetry (300 poems and songs), the I Ching or Classic of Changes (the description of a cryptic system), the Chun Chiu or Spring and Autumn Annal (a history of the state of Lu from 722 to 484 BC) and the Li Ching or Classic of Rites (a group of three books on the Li the rites of propriety.In addition there was also a now broken sixth book called the Yueh Ching or Classic of Music. Maste Kung had a tremendous legacy which effected the world, as millions around the world would apply his wisdom and thoughts even in this day and age.

Hacker Essay Example for Free

Hacker EssayThe advancement of information technology spans a lot of atomic number 18as of our lives. Information technology has made a huge difference in industry, agriculture and services. This in turn boosts up the productivity of the society. However, the development of computer technology also leads to more security department problems in our modern society. There has emerged a group of computer savvy peck who seeks and exploits flunkes in a computer constitution or computer network. Their motivation has put many questions on debating table. On the one(a) hand, many people contend t lid a hacker is a spartan person who will probably land the whole worlds computer system. On the other hand, others argue that hackers are not dangerous and not causing harm. This essay will discuss the two sides of the coin with regard to hackers with relevant examples. outgrowth of all, the definition of hacking and hackers need to be clearly understood so as to have an insight in to hacking. Hacking burn down be defined as any kind of computer crimes. Pirating is the close popular form of hacking, which relates to the larceny information from written software programmes.In the computer security context, hackers are people who try to note the weaknesses of the computer network and exploit the information from software. Hackers may be encouraged by a human body of reasons, for instance profits, protests, or challenges. Hackers bathroom be categorised into the three types, which are black hats, grey hats, and gaberdine hats. Black hat group or cracker is expertise in carrying out the harmful to the computer system. A grey hat is a hacking group that will not violate the law and back up the government to defend the system.However, grey hat will apply the same methods to revert to black hat approaches. The white hat hacker has their own abilities and professional computing skills to protect the malicious threads and they loafer work for the government as security consultant or security analyst(Tim,2004). It is a common catch that hackers are a threat to individual users, business and society as a whole. Hackers usually timbre for the bankcard details through breaking into the baking computer systems. With the information about clients of the banks, they asshole steal a huge amount of money, which cause a financial crisis to individuals.At the organizational level, regarding information of the organization such as research business plan or even financial reports is always moves with hacking. Digital database of the customer is also one of the target of hackers, with hackers stealing names , addresses, emails and financial data from organizations. Such a divergence of data to a samall business may cost a competitive edge or the remove loss of a customer base, effectively ruining the organization. On the other hand, a business that involve in computer hacking may gain the benefits of data providing the competitive edge and acc ess to the new customer bases through hacking.Personal or political data gained through computer hacking could serve as supplement in business or political dealings(Markoff, 2005). At the society level, apart from financial damage which is identical to individuals, hackers may hack into the national infrastructure system or business system then can control the electrical power plants, transportation, gas, and oil which called the threats of cyber terrorism(Moore, 2005). Moreover, for the military purpose if hacker could access to the system they can track the military movement or even k right away the ex take on position where the military camps are set.Compared with other terrorist methods, cyber terrorism needs only few personal and few inputs to achieve their intentions and does have to be physically attacked(Eric, 2012). Cyber terrorists can actually operate their mission from a distance to ca-ca damage from a distance and the security agents cannot find them because they cha nge IP address to hide their address and finally it becomes the most challenge issue for the government agents to indentify and capture them(Eric,2012). However there are some positive consequences that hackers pack to the safer security environment of the organization.It is thought that hackers are not always a harmful to the society but have significant role to protect the society from assailants. Over the years computer-related crimes have become more sophisticated. New network security is become more important about defending and documenting defenses. People are finding out about firewalls and putting them up and also find out about VPN waiter security and actually instantiate VPN servers. It is normally not about modeling an attack the method an attacker would. Those are very different things. With a view to enhancing the network security, some popular practices have been applied. or example, ethical hacking is looking for the weakness in the network system under operations , portfolioing these loopholes and finding the solutions to compensate those weakness by reinforcing some features of the system to prevent likely attacks from computer crimminals( Tim ed al. , 2004). Hacking is also widely being used to rectify data security issues for businesses. Certain types of hackers such as Grey hat whole kit with businesses to strengthen the security system by assisting the company whereby seeking out the weaknesses of the system.For instance, Gregory Evans who ever caught because of criminal hacking, is now working for the US government as a security consultant(Markoff, 2005). Furthermore, Brand innovation has included one of the advantages of hacking. Hacking can be employed to increase the revenue of the company by using of acknowledgement of hackers to create some new ideas and destruct the old products. In order to implement this, hackers must have to go through the system and change the brands code(Tim, 2004).In conclusion, it is a bias- based opinio n that people can conclude when looking just only at the downside of the hacking. However, there are some safe(p) perspectives of hacking. I personally believe that hackers are not always causing harm, but help the security system to protect the system from other hackers. All things considered, hackers, together with hacking, are not always dangerous. They could act as a driving force for all the computer programmers to unstoppingly correct all the weaknesses in the system and discover new and more effective software.

Claytronics Case Essay Example for Free

Claytronics Case assayClaytronics is an emerging depicted object of engineering concerning reconfigurable nano crustal plate golems designed to form much giganticr denture machines or mechanicss. in like manner known as programmable matter, the catoms result be sub-millimeter computers that provide eventually ca exercise the ability to assume nearly, go on with mortally separates, tilt color, and electrostatically connect to former(a) catoms to form different devises. The forms made up of catoms could stylishify into nearly any object, even replicas of human beings for virtual meetings. . Likely spherical in shape, a catom would have no pitiable split. Rather, it would be covered with electromagnets to attach itself to other catoms it would move by development the electromagnets to place itself over other catoms.The catoms sur vitrines would have light-emitting diodes to allow them to change color and photo cells to sense light, allowing the collective robo t to see. each would constitute a fairly plyful, Pentium-class computer . According to Carnegie Mellons synthetic gist Reality Project personnel, claytronics argon described as An supporting players of material that retains sufficient localcomputation, actuation, storage, energy, sensing, and talk which preserveful be programmed to form fire dynamic shapes and configurations. The idea is not to transport objects nor is it to work an objects chemicalcomposition, but rather to create a animal(prenominal) artefact,that will mimic the shape, movement, optical appearance,sound, and tactile qualities of the original objectINTRODUCTIONProgrammable matter one sidereal day could transform itself into all kinds of look-alikes The day when affects routinely made house calls whitethorn be past, but that doesnt reckon that someday you wont routinely see your doctor in your home with emphasis on see. That is to say, your doctor could physically work out of her office. But a three-d imensional lookalike, assembled from perhaps a billion tiny, BB-like robots, could be her stand-in in your home. She could talk with you, touch you, look at you, all under the pick up of the real, if distant, doc. by and by the examination, she could be disassembled, leaving behind a big pile of beads. Or the beads talent tack together into a piece of moving sculpture, or turn into a chair. Not a single much(prenominal) robot yet exists building the one-millimeter diameter robots that Goldstein envisions is beyond menstruation technology.And he acknowl parades it could be decades before a synthetic doctor is thinkable, much slight affordable.But its not too soon to start thinking or so it. Its a little like putting a man on the moon, said Todd Mowry.Its not effective a problem of building tiny robots, but figuring out how to personnel them, to get them to flap together and to coordinate and control millions or billions of them. No ones even sure what to call it. Claytro nics, synthetic creation and programmable matter have been proposed.Dynamic physical rendering is the label Intel uses. Each of the respective(prenominal) robots comprising these people or shapes would be a claytronic atom, or catom. Likely spherical in shape, a catom would have no moving parts. Rather, it would be covered with electromagnets to attach itself to other catoms it would move by using the electromagnets to roll itself over other catoms. *The catoms come outs would have light-emitting diodes to allow them to change color and photo cells to sense light, allowing the collective robot to see. Each would contain a fairly powerful, Pentium-class computer.CLAYTRONICS, A SYNTHETIC REALITY picpicThe big advantage of designing on a computer is the ease of changing things, like color and shape. But, especially for 3D objects, it has some disadvantages. You dont really get a feel for the object What does it look like when I walk around it? How does it feel when I hold it in my hands? With Claytronics technology this problem could be solved.What is Claytronics?Claytronics is an emerging national of engineering concerning reconfigurable nanoscale robots (claytronic atoms, or catoms) which loafer interact with distributively other to form tangible 3-D objects that a user washbowl interact with.They are designed to form much larger scale machines or mechanisms. Also known as programmable matter, the catoms will be sub-millimeter computers that will eventually have the ability to move around, communicate with severally others, change color, and electrostatically connect to other catoms to form different shapes. The forms made up of catoms could morph into nearly any object, even replicas of human beings for virtual meetings. Claytronics technology is currently being researched by Professor Seth Goldstein and Professor Todd C. Mowry at Carnegie Mellon University, which is where the term was coined. .The Carnegie Mellon University together with Intel are cu rrently researching this technology. Though it might seem somewhat futuristic, they are confident that it can be realized and theyve got Moores Law( describes a long-term trend in the history of computing hardware, in which the morsel of transistors that can be placed cheaply on an merged circuit has doubled approximately every dickens years) to back it up. According to Carnegie Mellons Synthetic Reality Project personnel, claytronics are described as An ensemble of material that contains sufficient local computation, actuation, storage, energy, sensing, and dialogue which can be programmed to form interesting dynamic shapes and configurations. Claytronics has the potential to greatly affect some(prenominal) areas of day by day life, such as telecommunication, human-computer interfaces, and entertainmentIn other words, programmable matter will allow us to pee a (big) step beyond virtual reality, to synthetic reality, an environment in which all the objects in a users enviro nment are physically realized. Note that the idea is not to transport objects nor is it to recreate an objects chemical composition, but rather to create a physical artefact that will mimic the shape, movement, visual appearance,sound, and tactile qualities of the original objectClaytronics though based upon on concepts of physics and electronics in schoolbooks (and a nifty trick), its a technology of 2040 and 2050 due to the technical challenge scientific and engineering community live with. altercate is to develop and control this material on the scale of nanometers (100 times thinner then human hair, 1 nanometer = 10 -9 meters).Claytronics doesnt end with working together philosophy or networked computing alone. Catoms, basic blocks of claytronics can morph their physical and chemical properties, meaning same material can be of different mechanical, thermic properties, can have different shape or size of it, different color, fluorescent material can be converted to super reflec ting mirror. These highlights and long wait till Year 2040/50. .Our goal is that the system be working(a) now and scalablefor the future. Thus, the guiding design principle,behind twain the hardware and the software, is SCALABILITY.Hardware mechanisms indispensability to scale towards micronsized catoms and million-catom ensembles. Software mechanisms need to be scale invariant.Claytronics will be a test-bed for solving some of the most challenging problems we face at present how to build complex, pileively distributed dynamic systems. It is similarly a step towards truly integrating computers into our livesby having them integrated into the very artifactsaround us and allowing them to interact with the world.CatomsProgrammable matter consists of a collection of individual components, which we call claytronic atoms or catoms.Catoms can move in three dimensions in relation to other catoms, adhere to other catoms to maintain a 3D shape, communicate with other catoms in an ensemb le, and compute state information with possible assistance from other catoms in the ensemble.Each catom is a unit with a CPU, a network device, a single-pixel display, one or more sensors, a means of locomotion, and a mechanism for adhering to other catoms. Although this sounds like a microrobot, we believe that implementing a completely autonomous microrobot is unnecessarily complex. Instead, we take a cue from cellular reconfigurable robotics research to simplify the individual robot facultys so that they are easier to manufacture using high- muckle methods.Ensemble principleRealizing this vision fills new ways of thinking about massive numbers of cooperating millimeter-scale units. Most importantly, it demands simplifying and redesigning the software and hardware used in each catom to reduce complexity and manufacturing cost and increase robustness and reliability. For example, each catom must work cooperatively with others in the ensemble to move, communicate, and obtain powe r. Consequently, our designs strictly adhere to the ensemble principle A robot module should embarrass only enough functionality to contribute to the ensembles desired functionality. Three early results of our research each highlight a key aspect of the ensemble principle easy manufacturability, powering million-robot ensembles, and surface contour control without global motion intend.High-Volume ManufacturabilitySome catom designs will be easier to produce in mass touchstone than others. Our present exploration into the design space investigates modules without moving parts, which we see as an intermediate award to designing catoms suitable for high-volume manufacturing.In our present macroscale (44-mm diameter), cylindrical prototypes, shown in go out 1, each catom is furnish with 24 electromagnets arranged in a pair of stacked rings. To move, a pair of catoms must rst be in contact with another pair. Then, they must appropriately energize the next set of magnets along each of their circumferences. .The current prototypes can only overcome the frictional forces opposing their own horizontal movement, but downscaling will improve the force budget substantially. The resulting force from two similarly energized magnet casts varies roughly with the inverse dice of distance, whereas the ux due to a given coil varies with the square of the scale factor. Hence, the potential force generated between two catoms varies linearly with scale. Meanwhile, mass varies with the cube of scale.Powering Microbot Ensembles.Some energy requirements, such as effort to move versus gravity, scale with size. Others, such as communication and computation, dont. As microrobots (catoms) are scaled down, the onboard batterys weight and volume exceed those of the robots themselves. To provide sufcient energy to each catom without incurring such a weight and volume penalty, were developing methods for routing energy from an external source to all catoms in an ensemble. For example, an ensemble could tap an environmental power source, such as a special table with positive and negative electrodes, and route that power internally using catom-tocatom connections. To simplify manufacturing and accelerate movement, we believe its necessary to avoid using intercatom connectors that can carry both supply and ground via separate conductors within the connector assembly. Such complex connectors can signicantly increase reconguration time.For example, in previously constructed modular robotic systems such as the Palo Alto Research Centers PolyBot and the Dartmouth Robotics testing grounds Molecule it can take tens of seconds or even minutes for a robot module to uncouple from its neighbor, move to another module, and couple with that newly proximal module.In contrast, our present unary-connector-based prototypes can tying up in less than 100 ms because no special connector alignment procedure is required. This go advantage isnt free, however A genderless unary connec tor imposes additional operational complexity in that each catom must obtain a connection to supply from one neighbor and to ground from a different neighbor. Several members of the Claytronic team have recently developed power distribution algorithms that satisfy these criteria. These algorithms require no knowledge of the ensemble congurationlattice spacing, ensemble size, or shapeor power-supply location. Further, they require no on-catom power storage.Shape Control Without Global Motion PlanningClassical approaches to creating an arbitrary shape from a group of modular robots involve motion planning through high-dimensional search or gradient descent methods. However, in the case of a million-robot ensemble, global search is unlikely to be tractable. Even if a method could globally plan for the entire ensemble, the communications overhead required to transmit individualized directions to each module would be very high. In addition, a global plan would break down in the face of individual unit failure. To address these concerns, were developing algorithms that can control shape without requiring extensive planning or communication. This approach focuses on the motion of fixs rather than that of robots per se. Given a uniform tormentagonal-packed plane of catoms, a hole is a circular void due to the absence of seven catoms. Such a seven-catom hole can migrate through the ensemble by appropriate local motion of the adjacent catoms.Holes migrate through the ensemble as if moving on a frictionless plane, and bounce back at the ensembles edges. Just as bouncing gas molecules exert pressure at the edges of a balloon, bouncing holes interact frequently with each edge of the ensemble without the need for global control. As Figure 2 illustrates, edges can contract by consuming a hole or expand by creating a hole, purely under local control. We initiate shape formation by lling the ensemble with holes. Each hole receives an independent, random velocity and begins to move around. A shape goal species the amount each edge region must either contract or expand to match a desired come out shape. A hole that hits a contracting edge is consumed. In effect, the empty space that constitutes the hole moves to the after-school(prenominal) of the ensemble, pulling in the surface at that location. Similarly, expanding edges create holes and inject them into the ensemble, pushing its contour out in the corresponding local region.picImportantly, all edge contouring and hole motion can be accomplished using local rules, and the overall shape of an ensemble can be programmed purely by communicating with the catoms at the edges. Hence, we use probabilistic methods to achieve a deterministic result. Our initial analyses of the corresponding 3D case suggest surface contour control will be possible via a similar algorithm.Ping-Pong to marble sizeA large, moving shape such as a human replica might contain a billion catoms. A system with a billion computer node s, he added, is something on the scale of the entire Internet. . . . Unlike the real Internet, our thing is moving.This will require new schemes for rapidly organizing and reorganizing such a large computer network. A moving shape will necessarily force catoms to constantly and quickly change positions, breaking connections with one set of catoms and establishing new connections with others. The idea behind self-reconfigurable robots is that a robot could change shape depending on a task perhaps operating as a snake-like robot to squirm through tight spaces, while taking the form of a spider or a humanoid for other types of exploration.Identifying each catom by a number, like each computer on the Internet, isnt likely to work. Rather, catoms may identify themselves based on function or position a catom replicating a human would need to know if it was part of a pinky finger, or a mouth, or an eye.Power also has been a concern. As we shrink thingswe find that weight and bulk is p rimarily in the battery.The idea is to eliminate the battery. Instead, the catoms will automatically form themselves into galvanisingal circuits, so delivering power to one catom effectively delivers power to all of the catoms.As the shape moves and the catoms rearrange themselves, connections will be repeatedly made and broken, interupting power. So the catoms will be designed with a capacitor or small battery to hold just enough charge to comprise for the momentary disconnections. The system also will be engineered to maintain its shape even when powered off. proposes cover charge the sides of the catoms with manmade fibers similar to the microscopic foot hairs of the gecko, a tropical lizard.The millions of hairs on a geckos toes allow it to cling to close any surface.The hairs arent sticky, but rely on weak electrodynamic forces known as the van der Waals force. If the synthetic hairs can be fashioned out of the microscopic fibers known as carbon nanotubes, the hairs could c onduct electricity and might serve as the electrical connections between catoms.. Even if claytronics doesnt immediately yield 3-D motion, it might be useful for producing 3-D shapes in the computer-aided design process, Goldstein said. Claytronics antennas could change shape to improve reception of different intercommunicate frequencies. A Claytronics cell phone might grow a full-size keyboard, or expand its depiction display as needed.picThe Concept and the trickCatoms, of which claytronics machines will built upon are kind of rich quantum patter. Quantum dot is basically a conductive crystal (material used in ICs for nearly any electronic or computing device) on a nanoscale, so we can call it semiconducting nanocrystal. Quantum dots unlike normal semiconducting crystal caters to single or more electrons on a scale small enough that they can be called as bleached atoms without their own nucleus. To touch on this understand better Quantum dots controls can control almost sin gle electron in its own territory.These territories have different levels, in scientific term called distinguishable energy levels on the order of De-Broglies wavelength. Trick is really simple in theory every substance on a atomic level is identified based upon its atomic number and atomic mass number. Atom has three basic atomic particles (no of basic particles discovered is high as of now) electron, proton and neutron. In a balanced atom no of electrons and protons are same, so no of electrons indicates atomic number as well. here(predicate) in Quantum dots we can manipulate no of electrons trapped by adjusting the voltage to the metal. Creating lots of such artificial atoms in metal like semiconductor can alter lots of its chemical and electronic properties to make a non transparent metal behave like a transparent mirror maybe.A standard Robotic System Using Magnetic Force EffectorsOne of the primary impediments to building ensembles of modular robots is the complexity and nu mber of mechanical mechanisms used to construct the individual modules. As part of the Claytronics projectwhich aims to build very large ensembles of modular robots investigation is done on how to simplify each module by eliminating moving parts and reducing the number of mechanical mechanisms on each robot by using force-at-a-distance actuators. Additionally, also look into the feasibility of using these unary actuators to improve docking performance, implement intermodule adhesion, power transfer, communication, and sensing.Three charismatic 45mm flattened catoms.I. IntroductionAdvances in manufacturing and electronics open up new possibilities for designing modular robotic systems. As the robots become smaller, it becomes possible to use force-at-adistance actuatorse.g., actuators which cause one module to move relative to another via magnetic or electric fields external to the modules themselves. moreover, as the cost and power consumption of electronics continue to decrease, it becomes increasingly attractive to use complex electronics rather than complex mechanical systems. In this paper, we explore how a single device that exploits magnetic forces can be harnessed to unify actuation, adhesion, power transfer, communication, and sensing. By combining a single coil with the appropriate electronics we can simplify the robot reducing both its weigt and sizewhile increasing its capabilities.Furthermore ,since we are interested in the ensemble as a whole, we do not require that individual units be self-sufficientAs long as individual units can contribute to the overall motion of the ensemble, they do not need the ability to move independently within the greater environment. We call this design principle the ensemble axiom each unit contains only the minimum abilities necessary to contribute to the aggregate functionality of the ensemble.Choosing the right mechanism for locomotion is a key design decision. In addition to scalability, the size of the unit mu st also be taken into account. At the macroscale,complex mechanisms such as motors are effective. However, as units scale down in size other approaches become viable, taking advantage of increasing surface-to-volume ratio and decreasing of inertial moments.Our current robots, which we call planar catoms1, are small enough that we can explore a mechanism designed around magnetic field forceat- a-distance actuators. As the units decrease further in size, actuators based upon electric field forces become viable and are appealing because they use less current, produce less heat, and weigh less than magnetic actuators. Even smaller units could harness surface forces such as surface tension or Van der Waals forces. The size scale also affects power transfer and storage because electrical resistance increases as contact size decreases, direct electrical connections between robots become increasingly impractical.II. Related WorkOf the many research efforts the most relevant to our work is F racta Fracta is a two dimensional modular robot which uses a combination of standing(prenominal) magnets and electromagnets for locomotion and adhesion. As in our planar catoms, to move a module requires communication between the moving module and its neighbors. The two main differences between Fracta and planar catoms are due to changes in underlying technology and the use of permanent magnets. Fracta modules are constrained to be in a hex-lattice whereas the planar catoms have additional actuators and can be arranged in a cubic or hex lattice. Significant advances in VLSI enable us to create smaller, lighter units which do not use permanent magnets. We also harness the magnets for more than locomotion and adhesion, i.e., the magnets also serve as the main mechanism for power transfer, sensing, and communications.Planar catoms are our first step along the path towards realizing three dimensional claytronics. The robots rely on the external forces and move stochastically, adhering to each other under control of the program running on the robot. The ensemble principle is carried even further in the latter project robots are unpowered until they adhere to a powered robot.

Development and Globalisation Essay Example for Free

maturement and orbicularisation Essaygross domestic product- Gross Domestic Product the honour of all the goods and go produced in a plain in a category, in $US, usually convey as per capita (per person). PPP (purchasing power parity)* figures ar more than personaful. *Ad solelyed for loss of living GNP- The total esteem of goods and services produced by unrivaled kingdom in a family, plus all net income get from all overseas sources, in $US. HDI- Human Development Index It is a summary composite index that measures a regions number achievements in three basic aspects of adult male ripening health, know leadge, and a fair to middling standard of living. Life Expectancy Literacy Rate Standard of Living (measured in GDP per capita) It forgets a more complete picture of emergence of a country than GDP al unmatched as it considers social factors and non just sparing factors. Development Continuum Originally thither were three groupings that made up the development continuum, they were graduation exercise World (those substantial countries that had a democratic government and a strong sparing) Second World (communist countries) deuce-ace World (UN developed countries)yet as time has g cardinal on newer economies own started to develop caused by unalike development patterns and speeds. The Development c left(a) The gap mingled with rich and pathetic countries Most comm further, the gap is thought of in margins of income/economics It also social, environmental and eve political aspects at that place was a suggested North/S get sur looking ath divide originating from the Brandt report in 1980, where the north accounted for 80% of GDP but only 20% of the existence however this too requires almost artistic licence and is a very general way of dividing countries. on that point argon more accu crop ways of grouping countries as listed below and as countries move through the development continuum countries pass fro m adept category to an few other Developed (MDCs the almost s swell developed countries eg. UK) maturation (Countries which are undergoing development arguably they all are. Eg. Malaysia) LDCs (Least Developed Countries eg. Ethiopia) NICs ( naturally Industrialised Countries form just finished development (10 grades or so) Eg. China) RICs (Recently Industrialised Countries nurture behind than the NICs eg. Dubai) Centrally Planned Economies (The few remaining communist countries eg. North Korea) Oil copious Countries (Countries rich in oil eg. Saudi Arabia) Causes for the Development Gap Colonialisation colonial powers took resources from miserableer countries Price of commodities is a plentitude controlled by TNCs ensuring high loot for MEDC firms and low prices p economic aid to LEDC makers Fair trade specialise up in response to this. LEDCs are now primary producers producing low cost commodities, e. g. bananas Primary commodities have fallen i n price, or stayed steady, while commodities they train has change magnitude, e. . oil What is preventing the Development gap from closing? Many LEDCs main pains is as primary producers generally low addition Internatnioal trade dominated by TNCs Rapid The Asian Tigers Who or what are the Asian Tigers? Asian economies that have progressed economically at such(prenominal) substantial rates that have come to rival the earning capacity and quality of living of those world startle-world countries Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and South Korea. globalisation Globalisation The incr unbosomd inter-connection in the worlds economic, cultural and political systems. officials Negatives Allowed the execution of mountain more soft Uncontrolled migration change magnitude contradictory trade Inequality in wealth More rag to nutrition, services, health cover etc. ll over the world Heavy environmental cost personnel casualty of countries individual cultures, global cutters Globalisation began in the 19th century as thither was the beginning of movement of people and goods Increase in independence Increase in trade as well as the spread of industry bloodline of Trans National Corporations. Globalisation continued in the 20th century and was shaped by a fall of factors including 1.Emergence of unfreeze markets (capitalist economy) 2. Deregulation of world financial markets 3. The establishment of the General Agreements of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) the WTO which sought to baffle low trade barriers. 4. The emergence of trade blocs 5. The establishment of the IMF and the World Bank 6. Development of global marketing and the keep rise of TNCs. Flows Capital o ICT allows cheap, safe and almost instantaneous communication o Allows sharing reading o Allows draw out of capital o Allows Marketing roughly the world Labour o improve conduct for people Size of air craft o Low cost airlines o soaring speed rail links o Specialised rifleers- doc tors, ICT etc. o Unskilled constructers Products and services o Integrated net taps o unattackables handling o Computing logistics o Container revolution o Improved raptus for goods o Global marketing, the world as one market and produce products that fit various regional market places e. g. coca-cola and McDonalds Patterns of pay offoff, distribution and consumption Manufacturing has gone from developed countries to demoralize plight economies. This is known as the orbicular SHIFT, which is brought about by FDI by TNCs.Many LEDCS have put oned from the transfer of technology which has meant these countries can turn up their productivity without raising their wages to the level of the developed countries. This has lead to the de-industrialisation of richer countries and the focus on tertiary and four-spot industry. There has also been outsourcing of service operations, such as call centres, Mumbai, this extends the influence on a global scale also the oeuvre costs are a clustering lower even though there is a highly educated custody. Positive and negatives of the global shift Positives for MEDCs Negatives for MEDCs Movement of polluting industries away from their country Could lead to wide spread unemployment Growth in LEDCs may lead to demand for exports from MEDCs Loss of skills Cheaper imports can keep the cost of living down benefiting the retail Negative multiplier effect firmament Large gap between skilled and unskilled bring iners who may experience Labour market flexibility and efficiency innate redeployment differences Development of new technologies lede to enthronization deindustrialisation of some areas, such as the North Help to edit inflation Positives for LEDCs and NICs Negatives for LEDCs Development of new industries Rapid urbanisation and rural-urban migration increase employment Westernised approach to economy Helps to curve development gap increase environmental malign die to polluting industries Increa sed FDI and investment which can lead to improved services such as Exploitation of excavate infrastructure, health care and education Disruptive social impacts Increased exports helps BoPs, and increases income and GDP Over-dependant on one industry New technologies Destabilises nutriment supplies, less culture Health and safety issues because of revenue legislation Patterns of production and processes In manufacturing there has been a global shift of marketing from MDCs to LDCs.This leads to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) by the TNCs. This has led to the de-industrialization of MDCs but doer that they can also be more productive due to the transfer of technology. Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs) First kind Asian Tigers (Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore) started to appear in the 1960s, as developed countries looked at their less developed neighbours Rapid industrialisation due to the increased spread of TNCs. They share sympathetic characteristics w hich allowed for such industrialisation Large populations Well educated populations Culture work ethic Less hard-and-fast laws on health and safety Government support through loans and grants Rely less on foreign support and set up their own businesses such as the Chaebols in South Korea, comprising of companies such as Samsung, LG and Hyundai This has now begin a multi subject and located in several different countries. Second Phase As wage prices increased in the primary TNCs (The Asian Tigers) Countries that could offer lower wage prices such as Malaysia, In put onesia, The Philippines and Thailand, Mexico and Brazil Third Phase China and India, Turkey, South Africa and the Philippines China has seen the fastest rate of economic return of any country Indias industry is heavily ground around services which accounted for 50% of its total GDP. New TNCs are now being set up in Indian such as Infosys, Bangalore. Positives of India Constraints of India Large English s pateing population Other countries are beginning to argue Costs 37% lower than China Negative reaction in MEDCs Costs 17% lower than Malaysia Rising wage rates Professional salaries ? of UK and USA High cost of training Low telecommunication costs Negative impacts on quality 24 hour vagabondning(a) to fit with time differences putrefaction and rimruptcy Huge labor force for labor intensive jobs e. g. all centers Command economy, governemtn speding on subsidies earlier than investment IT college graduates, 2 million/year Infrastructure beyond major cities is poor Literacy only 61% Growth in the 21st Century Emerging Economies account for 70% of the global population, countries including the BRICs (Brazil, Russia India and China) as well as countries such as the UAE and South Africa. The increase has been due to Raise living standards Increase opportunities for the population Increase FDI Become more of a world player with market to an international standard Coun tries at very low levels of economic development LDCs The countries were outlined by the linked Nations and of the top 50 33 are in Sub-Saharan Africa. They are defined by the chase Low incomes ($800 GDP per capita over 3 years) Human resource weakness, nutrition, health, education and literacy scotch vulnerability shown by signs of dependency on one industry Many of them suffer from widespread conflict, disease, geographical dis returns, urbanisation and fast urban growth (demographically disquisition). musical note of Life Most of the population cannot afford basic immunities Resources of such countries are not evenly distributed. Attempts to reduce exiguity High population growth rate means that numbers living in extreme mendicancy are increase. Many of these countries depend on FDI Debt From the 1970s onwards some countries found themselves in a debt crisis because the borrowed large amounts from the developed world. For umpteen countries at low levels of econom ic development that breaking free of poverty can only ever be a vision. There are certain policies being put in place by the IMF and the World Bank to help free the HIPCs They have provided debt computer backup and interest free loans. SAPs Structural adjustment programmes o Government spending cutbacks to fund debt repayments o Mexico was the first country o 3 main aims- ? Promote exports- integration and liberalisation ? Reduce government spending- privatisation and bully costs ? Encourage foreign investment o Both intermediate and poor countries have had SAPs utilize o Some success but SAPs could bemuse matters worse especially for the poorest people because- Loss of course credit and subsidies from the government ? Food production fall ? Devaluation of currency leads to dramatic rises in prices ? Less spending on health and education by government Another scheme, the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) Aimed to cancel the debt of the HIPCs per capita income US $380 a year or less would be eligible for MDRI debt relief from the IMFs resources neighborly Problems Lack of income, healthcare, education, sanitization etc. The Millennium Development Goals were set up specifically to help countries out of the cycle of poverty however they dont look well to be completed in 2015 (the original target).Global, Social and Economic Groupings Trade Bloc is a group of nations who have joined to percolate trade and benefit from economic cooperation. The countries involved agree to free trade between them but impose tariffs on goods from countries away the bloc. Made for a variety of reasons To further socio-economic development To increase alliances and trade To allow free movement To prevent war Types of groupings include- Free trade areas- tariffs and quotas are reduced on goods between ingredients and restrictions are put in place for goods coming in to the area e. g. NAFTA Customs unions- tariff on imports from foreign the group e. g.Mer cosur Common Markets- like customs unions but with greater freedom of movement of labour and capital, e. g. antecedently EU, current example East African Common Market Economic Unions-all of the above as well as member states are also required to adopt putting surface polices in areas such as agriculture (CAP) fisheries, transport, contaminant (Kyoto agreement), industry, energy and regional development e. g. EU Positives and negatives of trade blocs Positives Negatives Greater chance of stillness between member nations. Having to share economic resources Faster and smoother economic development Many countries go out have to pay a large sum of money regularly to be in a Trade barriers removed trade bloc Higher standard of living. Elites can hold a disproportionate amount of power. Certain areas of a national economy can be supported eg. Agriculture If one courty falls in to ecomic crisis the rest of the member states are through the CAP. effected sight seeking work ca n move between member states EU. Non-member states badly affected, lack of trade Possibility of a common currency- Euro Loss of reign Greater political influence Loss of some finacail controls e. g. European central bank If countries become indebted member states can help bail out, Greece, Ireland. Aspects of globalisation TNCsTransnational Corporations are companies that play in over two countries usually having their research and headquarters in the country of origin and attitude the manufacturing plants overseas. As an organisation becomes more global, regional RD and headquarters will develop. TNCs can be split in to three different groups according to what industry they are- Resource blood line o Mining, gas extraction and oil producing o ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell and BP Manufacturing o High-tech ? Computers, microelectronics, pharmaceuticals ? Hewlett Packard, GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca o Consumer goods ? Motor vehicles, televisions and other electrical g oods Many of these are assembly industries ? Ford, General Motors, BMW, Sony o Mass produced consumer goods ? Cigarettes, drinks, breakfast cereals, cosmetics and toiletries ? coca plant-Cola, Kelloggs, Unilever, Heinz Service operations o Banking/insurance, advertising, freight transport, hotel chains, fast food outlets, retailers o Barclays, AXA, McDonalds and Tesco Growth of TNCs Why do TNCs expand to different countries? Larger populations with cheaper Labour Costs Better government policies such as grants, lower taxes and subsidies Less demanding rules on employment and befoulment Fewer restrictions due to trade barriers Greater supply of raw materials To take advantage of trade within trade blocs Allowing them to grow thereby achieving economies of scale, reducing costs, finance new investment and compete in global markets Allow them to set up in markets that they want to sell in To acquire geographical flexibility so that they can shift resources and production be tween locations to maximise profits To serve a global market, TNCs may globalise production by- Produce for the market in which the plant is situated Use one plant to produce for a number of countries Use unified production Source parts in places where they assemble their products close to the market, GLOCALISATION Impacts of TNCs on a host country Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Employment Competition Injection of capital into the economy Adverse effects on local anesthetic companies which might not be as efficient More disposable income will urinate a demand for more Environmental concerns housing, transport and local services Less stringent pollution laws so more pollution allowed Multiplier Effect Labour exerciseation Investment by a TNC can trigger more employment by Exploit cheap, flexiable, non-unionised labour forces in developing countries additive causation bringing greater wealth to the Minimum age area Urbanisation New working methods Factories built in major urban centres leads to younger workers migration to the area Transfer of technology will create a more skilled Negative effects on the rural areas workforce. Removal of capital JIT developed Profit back to country of origin Escape Tariffs/trade barriers e. g.Nissan in Outside decision own Sunderland Plans effecting the development of plants are made in host country to boost profitability To take advantage of government incentives, subsides,Little consiereation for local people EPZs (export processing zones) etc. Dependancy on TNC Lower costs especially labor More westerniese approach to resilientliness To reach foreign markets more effectively To exploit mineral and other resources Development Issues within the world Trade vs guardianshipTrade is deemed as the more sustainable path out of the two to economic development as it helps to promote the growth in the tawdriness and value of goods, leading to jobs and greater incomes, some of this income will h elp to generate domestic demand leading to investment and the multiplier effect. This will also lead to rising living standards and gaining of skills by local people However it relies on three factors Adoption of capitalism Economic growth to trickle don so everyone benefits Promotion of free trade This is a similar path that was taken by the MDCs and more latterly the NICs. However many of these NICs had largely stable governments, a well educated workforce and they employed protectionist policies to stimulate growth e. g. tariffs and import quotas. However there are still problems with trade for a variety of reasons They cannot be competitive in world markets as they aim to invest in equipment, technology and training to make business productive and then infrastructure etc. Schemes like the CAP undercut mainly agriculturally base LDCs Wealth does not unendingly trickle down to those who need it, like aid. Debts mean they would have to make millions before they made profi t and due to the cuts imposed by the World Bank and IMF it often means there are public spending cuts especially on health care and education charge can be either 1. Bilateral from government to government. 2. Multilateral Where collective governments donate to an organisation (such as the World bank) who the distributes it to suffering countries. 3. Voluntary Where small NGOs send workers to help. NGOs such as OxfamAid is not always in the form of money sometimes it is in the form of goods or technical assistance. There are also several ways aid can be delivered Tied aid o ordain limit the power of nations and may eventually cause resentment Short-term aid o unremarkably following an emergency such as earthquakes or tsunamis o This can be help with render operations o Medical supplies, shelter, food and water Long-term development projects o Improving food availability and farming methods o Helping to provide improved shelter o Health care and education o Developing bette r livelihoods and improving income o CAFOD, Catholic Agency For Overseas Development return down aid Throwing money at a country and allowing them to get on with it. o It usually focuses on large scale, expensive projects which are unsuitable for the local community. , such as hip to(predicate) projects e. g. Nepal o It often doesnt go to the people who need it most o Usually secure Bottom up o More helpful to the local community however still bring their problems. o Small scale o Treat the individuals as individuals with creativity and intelligence o They work with people to create what the community most needs and supply the materials o They can undercut local business. However aid is not perfect and may critics say- Aid does not reach those who need it the most, it is kept at the top by the government Aid is often used ineffectively on large scale, expensive projects which are often left uncompleted Sometimes countries dont even have the correct infrastructure to use the a id effectively Dependency can be created which is often not sustainable is aid is a large proportion of national income Tied aid comes with set up attached, in some cases with every dollar given in aid $7 is given in return Economic vs. Environmental Sustainability Development that meets the needs of today without compromising the needs of tomorrow This would be achieved by Human potential being improved The environment is used and managed to supply people on a long-term basis Implies social justice as well as long term environmental sustainability The capacity of the environment to provide resources and absorb increasing levels of pollution is the critical threshold compulsory how far population can increase and economies expand sustainably The Rio dry land summit set out the following points for each aspect of sustainability. Environmental Principles People should be at the centre of concerns States have the right to exploit their own environment but should not damage th at of others Protecting the environment is integral to development People should be informed of projections for the future as well as the current environmental situation There should be environmental legislation and standards within states Laws should be enacted regarding liability for pollution The movement of substances that are injurious to others should be restricted States should warn neighbours of any environmental unease EIAs (Environmental Impact Assessments) should be carried out on all major plans Economic Principles The right to development essential be fulfilled so as to meet development and environmental needs of present and future generations States should work together to eradicate poverty in order to decrease disparities in living standards The needs of the poorest countries should be put first Unsustainable production and consumption patterns should be eliminated States should cooperate to restore the earths ecosystem Scientific information and innovat ive technologies should be transferred to improve understanding States should support an contribute economic system, with few trade barriers and tariffs National authorities should initiative to promote the internationalism of environmental costs, taking into account that the polluter should pay For anything to be effective it must strike the right balance between the three core principles economic, social and environmental. sustainable tourism myth or reality? As tourism is an increasingly expanding, billion dollar industry, it has increasingly been looked at to become more sustainable. Up until now it has followed this pattern The environment attracts tourists for its attractions The money spent should help to maintain these featuresHowever as tourist flows increase it starts to do more harm than good, particularly to small areas which cant deal with the massive influx, this can lead to the destruction of farm land to golf courses, and destroying natural habitats such as co ral reefs, destroyed by water sports ,e. g. Philippines . Sustainable tourism seeks not to destroy what it sets out to explore It attempts to make sure that It preserves natural resources for future generations. The local communities and their culture are recognised as the most important in the tourist sphere Economic benefits of tourism must partially go to those who are local to the area Everything is command by the wishes of local people and communities At the Rio Earth Summit an environmental checklist was drawn up to show how the tourism industry could become more sustainable, these include Waste minimisation, land use, re-use and recycling Energy efficiency, conservation and management Transport Water ( snappywater and go off) Land use planning and management Involvement of all stakeholders in the planning Involvement of staff, customers and communities in environmental issues Sustainable tourism is an industry committed to making a low impact on the natural enviro nment and local culture, while helping to generate income and employment for local people. Tourist can help by Being informed of the local culture, politics and economy Respecting local cultures Contributing to local cultures and tolerance sustenance local businesses and traditional values Use the least amount of local resources Ecotourism Is one of the fastest suppuration areas within tourism An economic process by which rare and beautiful ecosystems and cultural attractions are marketed internationally to attract tourists Planning and management is an important factor o Capacity is managed o Encourages conservation, by educating local people and tourists o Focuses on the environment Criticised for being egotourism in some cases. Sustainable ecotourism must o Have a limit to the number of bidors to sustain the environment o Set up and run in cooperation with local people Case Studies Measuring Development- HDI HDI = 1/3 (life expectancy index) + 1/3 (education index)+ 1/3 (GDP index) Advantages Disadvantages Political competitiveness Does not take into account poverty More factors and reliable ones PPP values change very quickly, inaccurate or misleading. Easy and cheap to collect entropy Little sense of income distribution Sign of welfare in the future, improving health and education, Quality of life does not seem to be that closely linked supply-side policies which can indicate the long-term patterns of AS Doesnt take account like war or political oppression. curve Based on prescriptive economics. The success of government policy Other measures such as access to internet might be more important. Easily comparable to other countries Changes over time ceteris paribus Comparing 2 countries, Nepal and the UK Measure UK Nepal HDI 28/187 157/187 Life expectancy 80. 68. 8 Expected years of schooling 16. 1 8. 8 GNI per capita, PPP adjust 33,296 1,160 Pop. Living on $1. 25 per day % 0 78. 1 Population with at least in run education , female 1. 015 0. 48 male Sustainability, Change in forest area (%) 9. 8 -24. 5 % of population living in urban areas 79. 8 19. 2 Sub Saharan Africa A country at low levels of economic development Sub Saharan Africa contains many countries with the lowest HDI ranking in the world. Many hold backs from development including war, disease, famine, debt, lack of infrastructure etc. They need large amounts of FDI that will not leave them in a worse situation than when they started. HDI, lowest ranked are Mali, Sierra Leone and Niger (all with an average of 0. 33) The top, ranked 119th and 120th in the world were Gabon and South Africa. TNC-Barbie in Taiwan -global shift of manufacturing Barbie, an American attach to Mattel , was produced a Japan in 1959 Has seen a global shift in manufacturing since it started. They moved to Taiwan in the 1960s to take advantage of cheap labour costs and increased scale of production. At its peak Taiwan alone made more than 50% of all Ba rbie dolls in the world. Within 20 years Taiwans incomes began to rise which then led to Barbie moving somewhere else Mattel opened its first mill in China in 1987, wage prices were much lower and gradually production was mover there. instantly Mattel produces Barbies in China, Indonesia and Malaysia taking advantage of the second stage of NICs, the Tiger Cubs. Taiwan has further benefited from globalisation, as it is now home to companies that manufacture most computers and MP3 players such as BenQ TNC-Coca Cola Global Marketing A attach to with a single product in which minor elements are tweaked for a different market. The company uses the homogeneous formulas, one with sugar and one with Corn Syrup for different markets. The bottle design is the alike and is regulated depending on different countries standards. The only countries in the world that do not sell Coca Cola are Iceland, North Korea, and Antarctica. It is not sell in Iceland because all bottles must be th e same shape as there is a large recycling project and coca cola lower to change the shape of their bottle as it is part of their brand Labour costs may be lower in some countries, especially LEDC countries. Low labour costs = higher profits principle on working conditions, workers rights, health and safety, and the environment may be less strict in some countries. Relaxed legislation = lower overheads = more profit. Some countries may try to encourage multinationals to invest in their countries by offering lower tax rates and financial incentives.More favourable taxation = lower overheads = more profits. Unilever Unilever is a very widespread (branches in 90 countries) include most countries in N S America, Europe, Australasia, Russia, China, India, a number of African countries = MEDCs, NICs and some LEDCs Sales also very widespread A lot of African countries (many LEDCs and LLEDCs), Greenland, some countries which were part of the old Soviet Union (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan, Tajikstan) Very few countries where Unilever has no armorial bearing Asian Tiger- South Korea 13th largest economy Strong government Highly skilled and motivated workforce Large amounts of trade with a positive BoPProblems Move to democracy takes time Large maturement population Unequal pay for women and poor working conditions for 52 hours a week Pollution with poor construction in infrastructure, roads and sewage BRIC economies It is said that these countries will be dominant by 2050, these brick economies, dont just rely on export industries like the 1st generation NICs. Brazil emerge economy President Lula, who began in 2003 took the economy out of dept and is now a stable country Generates $1. 5 trillion GDP/year Reliable power, with sustainable sources, such as hydro electric power, sugar cane, bio fuels, sustainable in own Tupi oil fields FDI is the 4th largest in the world, $45 billion each year Very easy to communicate with Emerging middle c lass Good highly skilled work force However there are some areas where Brazil will need to improve if its development is to continue being sustainable- Will become a increasingly aging population close of the rainforest Increasing cost of manufacturing short infrastructure Unequal society Slow national growth Increased crime and corruption 25% of the population live in poverty, favelas, Sao Paulo China Third academic degree of NIC Development In 1978 China began to follow the path of development of the Asian Tigers through an export operate road to development. Communist control was relaxed to allow this to do so. Foreign investment and joint ventures was encouraged. The internationalisation of the Chinese economy is also called the GUANXI NETWORK referring to the connections that exist between Chinese people and companies scattered all around the world In order to attract foreign industry in SE China, 14 open coastal cities and 5 Special Economic Zones were set up . They allow tax grants which would give more profit and were in favourable locations, geographically, to work. Labour was 80% cheaper in these areas There was a large amount of FDI for the quite a little of the 21st Century Receiving up to $50 million per year. In 2006 they received $63 billion, their highest recorded figure. free burning growth of up to 10% one of the highest in the world. China became part of the WTO message that trade went from just over $250 billion to just under $1 trillion, almost quadrupling as they got greater access to global markets. Problems Dramatic gap between rich and poor Huge rural/urban migration has left thousands in the countryside isolated as well as a decrease in agriculture meaning that poverty and famine has spread. Deterioration of environment and use of natural resources Dependent on the economy of the buyer Putting other populations before their own Development of two Chinas, east and westChongqing largest urban industrial c ity in the south-western part of china, 32 million people A major focus on migration and of the western development policy South of the Gorges Dam Population grows by 500,000 people a year Chicago of china Heavy industry dominates Large pollution problems, air sewage 2000 tonnes of wild a day India NIC driven by services Many people think that the Indian service sector is driven by call centres however its involvement in the service sector it accounts for 50% of GDP as there is a high population of skilled workers. Software and IT companies have been attracted to India because- Second-largest English intercommunicateing human resource in the world Investment friendly and supportive government politics Good infrastructure for power, transport and data communication Worlds third largest brain bank motionless democratic with over 50 year of independence Large market size Investment and tax incentives for exports in certain sectors such as electronics, telecom, software and RD The UK and USA has fuelled the service sector in India as Indians migrated to gain skills which they would take back to their home country. Such skills were used to set up companies like Infosys which is now a TNC based in Bangalore. Bangalore has become the centre of ICT because- First state to set up engineering collages First t set up a technology university Grants and tax incentives for the IT industry 1991 software technology park was built Now over 6 technology lay Infosys one of the largest software companies in India Founded in 1981 and had first foreign clients by 1987 Overseas offices in Boston and in MK 455 of workforce based in Bangalore Growth in the 21st century Dubai An RIC Dubai is located in the United Arab Emirates Globally central as it is half way between London and Sigapore Fastest growing economy Its economy boomed upon the discovery of oil in the 1960s. There was a growth of 300% between 1968 and 1975. There was rapid immigration. To mak e itself less dependent on oil, Dubai invested in new infrastructure which attracted FDI and now Dubais economy is heavily based around tourism as well as banking Oil and burn out currently occupy less than 5%. Borrowed money to fund many projects One of the countrys most effected by 2008 market crash, massive inflation problems Chinese and Indian banks brought a lot of Dubais debts Social problems Vast numbers of immigrants Poor working conditions, 20 hour day in some cases, because people took out loans to get to Dubai, and now due to little work they have to work all hours to get as much money as they can Live in poor conditions in tent cities out of the actual city Passports are taken by employers on comer Environmental problems High electricity cost and rising carbon emissions Sewage because there is not complete water, as the city is in a desert, water is more expensive than oil Nuclear waste Adu Dhabi, must look to help out by providing solar energy Countries fac ing low levels of economic development Nepal One of the poorest countries in the world 157/177 in HDI Its GDP per capita is also one of the lowest at $1,049 Shortage of energy, supplies Little money to spend on development Due to relief little transport infrastructure, remote communities Mainly subsistence farming and tourism 78. 1% of the population live on less than $1. 25 a day Little education and health care provisions HIPC- Tanzania 40% of the population live below the poverty line HDI is ranked 152 Life expectancy is 58. 2 Annual GDP per capita is $800 75% of employment is based on agriculture Literacy rate is 64% Reasons for poverty Topography and climatic conditions limit well-mannered crops to only 4% of the land area Industry- mainly limited to agricultural products and light consumer goods Dependant on agriculture which accounts for half of GDP Products include coffee, cotton, tea, tobacco, cashews and sisal which are highly competitive and have falli ng prices Tourism is booming especially in the National Parks Attempts to help Government a national poverty eradicated outline- to reduce abject poverty 50% by 2010 The World Bank, IMF and bilateral donors have provided silver to rehabilitate Tanzanias deteriorated economic infrastructure Structural Adjustment Policies, SAPs, poverty reduction strategy papers Vision 2025 programme set the goals of a high quality of livelihood by year 2025 peace, stability and unity a well educated society and a competitive economy based on sustainable growth and equity UN MDGs The results of attempts to help Tanzania not improved quality of life Income and welfare indicators fell Even more dependent on foreign aid Increased environmental damage Pick up in industrial practice including gold and natural gas Increase orphic sector growth Recent debt relief in Tanzania One of the poorest countries in Africa even though it had some of its international debt written off $3 billion will be discounted over the next 20 years Tanzanias total international borrowings of more than $7 billion Socio-Economic Groupings NAFTA USA, Canada, Mexico Set up in 1994 Aims To eliminate trade tariffs between the three countries, pushed by the establishment of other socio-economic groupings like the EU. Mexico saw it as the best option as it had built up debt in previous years. Pros Cons Trade between member countries tripled in the first 13 years. Canada has been affected by the US increase Increased employment in the USA as manufacturing grew Some US jobs have been lost as the plants have moved to Mexico Mexico got increased FDI as other countries wanted to locate inside Dumping in Mexico NAFTA. Mexico is being exploited because o less rigid pollution laws which affects surrounding countries EU 27 member states, set up in 1957 as the European Economic Community Aims Promote social and economic progress amongst member states Have more government influence Introduce EU c itizenship Prevent war Create better laws Positive impacts Negative impacts Group activity on waste, pollution control and climate change Loss of sovereignty over some decisions Common currency Greece and Spain situation Large labour market due to ease of movement Sharing fishing grounds CAP support Power of elite Peace in EU Small areas fell isolated Unilever TNC Set up in 1890 by William Hesker Lever, who owned a soap company which revolutionised Victorian hygiene Unilever was formed by the merger of the Dutch margarine producer Margarine Unie as they had the common raw material palm oil In 1937 Lipton tea was acquired and in 1957 birds eye joined Colworth House facility near Sharnbrook continued research efforts in food preservation, animal(prenominal) nutrition and health problems associated with toothpaste, shampoo and other personal products. It is one of several R D centres In 2008, the companies had over 300 manufacturing sites in more than 100 countries across every continent Unilever employs over 170,000 people and has annual company revenue of over $50 billion in 2007. Unilever has had problems with animal testing, child labour and deforestation due to the use of palm oil CAFOD- long term and short term aid Aims are to promote long-term development respond to emergencies raise public awareness of the causes of poverty speak out on behalf of poor communities and promote social justiceLong-term aid Improving food availability and farming methods Helping to provide improved shelter Health care and education Developing better livelihoods and improving income Short-term aid Provide aid to disaster stricken countries Set up temporary shelters for those left homeless Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa Goma), Ethiopia, Kenya Swaziland top Down Aid Top down development is usually difficult as often hundreds of thousands of peoples needs need to be catered for and it is difficult to satisfy everyone. The ideal goal is a communist state with a one size fits all approach. Swaziland is in Southern Africa. It is ranked very low in the world for human development. Many individual concerns to deal with which weakened the country, AIDs, famine and drought. The number of orphans was increasing as the expiration rate did correspondingly. Several branches of the United Nations which were trying to help them such as the UN food programme, and a many NGOs. They were distributing imported food to hundreds of thousands of people which was ultimately a good thing. However, the farmers of the local area were not able to sell the produce that they grew Therefore not able to take advantage of the wet date that blessed them. There was also a state of dependency Difficult to draw the line between those who should receive aid and those who did not. Other top down aid include large scale projects such as building dams and HEP stations like those proposed in Nepal, this can lead to the loss of semiprecious farm land an d can limit the water downstream, leading to widespread droughts. Nepal, FoST Bottom Up Aid Foundation of sustainable technologies Treats people as individuals with ideas and creativity. Due to the lack of energy in Nepal and the reliance on wood, leading to deforestation and help problems in the home due to the amounts of smoke Subsides the purchase of products including solar cookers and no-smoke interior cookers Educates people on how to make briquettes, which produce no smoke from waste, to prevent deforestation However there are limited resources to make the solar cookers and there for they are limited and rely on donations non every community has the money to buy the equipment or has access to finding out about products Not sustainable in the long run if the donations stop Overall top down and bottom up development are both ways of narrowing the development gap, the gap between rich and poor countries. Both, like anything in life have pros and cons however the possib le way forward is through micro-credit loans which give people the credit and respect that they deserve.This creates a successful and sustainable way of life and helps to lift individuals out of poverty. Economic vs. Environmental Sustainability Holes bay Economic Environmental High unemployment especially in Hamworthy gate Ramsar and SSSI sites rare birds and invertebrates 30 Ha of unused land, power station site 2nd largest natural harbor in the world Poor access to Poole town centre The construction of the twin sails bridge Environment- direct flow around the support pillars of the bridge causing deposition behind the pillars, May affect the tidal flats within holes bay, and Poole harbour Sediment becoming trapped within Holes bay building up the marshes tidal salt marshes, to the build up of humus causing the build up of peat rising the level of the and creating fresh water marshes within Holes bay Poole harbours marshes could decrease in size Destroying many habitats for birds invertebrates and plants alike. Economic- Greatly over budget with its total cost coming in at over ? 37m Engineers spy a large crack in the surface of the bridge making it unsuitable for use The development of the power station site will also cause an increase drain on local recourses such as schools and the area might not be able to cope, Increase the flow of commerce over the bridges. Not enough jobs generated in the area Increased population density and increased unemployment. Increased crime Brazil- Curitiba 2 million people in the population city wide service to recycle products Recycling and garbage system prevent waste issues, organic and nonorganic, with two different trucks for different types of trumpery The rubbish is sorted and distributed and reused this means that 2/3 of rubbish is recycled It also creates more jobs to help reduce unemployment Jaime Lerner, was an architect and later became mayor and designed the current layout of Curitiba Th e city has changed from being an agricultural area to a more industrial city Flood problems have also been solved by building the place on the flood plains and making artificial river banks around them this also prevents squatting and slums appearing in the parks Is home to many multinational industries, such as Nissan, Renault, Volkswagen, Audi, Volvo, HSBC, Siemens, ExxonMobil, Electrolux and Kraft Foods The per capita income for the city is $ 17,977 Sustainable tourism Nepal change state in certain areas such as Khumbu, Chitwan National Park, Annapurna National Park and the Sagarmartha National Park, The number of tourists increasing from 526,705 in 2007 to 710,547 in 2011, Actions must be taken in order to preserve Nepal. Problems with air pollution from the transport of tourists and fires getting trapped in the valleys due to the high mountains Increased demand for water and food supplies, taking away goods from the locals The same tracks are used by all of the touris ts, erosion and destabilises the soil Increased the risk of landslides. Some tourists are also not respectful of peoples culture and the wildlife Poor sewage disposal Khumbu region problem with the amount of waste generated by trekking teams 500kg per team all waste must be taken down the mountain rubbish there have been clean up operations carried out during training and acclimatisation time of people who wish to climb Mt. Everest for people to pay the Sherpas to carry down peoples rubbish Nepalese Government has begun charging deposits on tourists and are only returned if groups bring down their own rubbish Nepalese Government that they should limit the number of tourists Dismissed as it has been reason that this will bring more harm than good, by limiting one of the countrys biggest industries they could face increased widespread poverty. Kenya, Kigio Tourism is the 2nd largest contributor of GNP after agriculture. One example of where agriculture has been replaced by to urism is Kigio. Kigio Wildlife Conservancy is a 3,500-acre protected Conservancy 2 hours drive from Nairobi. Originally a cows ranch, sold by the family to the local community who after a few years decided to forgo cattle ranching in favour of wildlife conservation. The community now receives a regular income Conservancy fee each leaf node pays helps towards the maintenance of the conservancy. Wide ranging habitats Many wild animals, honey badger, and over 200 bird species Protecting virtually 100 species of indigenous plant species which are being destroyed outside the conservancy. The Conservancy is at the forefront of ecotourism in the Rift Valley lakes area.Guests are encouraged to participate in low impact activities o guided nature/bird walks, o cycling, fishing o Day or night game drives are conducted in open-sided 44 vehicles Lodges work closely with the local community and support several enterprises, schools and an orphanage. Guests can visit a group of widow s that craft sisal baskets, a group that makes jewellery from recycled paper and a carpet weaving factory. The lodges only sell what is made by the community and pay a fair price. A large percentage of the price is donated to the community fund. Every year, children from the local community and schools are invited to participate in ecotourism workshops To protect and improve their environment.