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The Complicated Life of Socrates - 1183 Words

Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher that was born in Athens, Greece around 470/469 BC. He served in the Athenian army and fought in many battles. When Socrates retired from fighting in the army, he began focusing on expressing his beliefs. He wasn’t the typical â€Å"teacher† or â€Å"preacher†; he was a very critical and analytical thinker that helped guide his students and the Athenians during his time. Through his teachings and beliefs, Socrates had positive and negative influence on the people during his time and modern time. Although he is credited as one of the founders of Western Philosophy, Political Philosophy, and Ethics, his teachings was in disagreement with the teachings of the democracy of Athens, which led to him being put to†¦show more content†¦The whole of his conduct will be the exhibition of one excellence, steady and assured certainty of the true scale of good† (Taylor). Also important to Socrates’ teachings was his way of analyzing, which became known as the Socratic Method. The Socratic Method was an experiment to figure out the truth and beliefs of people by examining with a series of questions. Kern says, â€Å"Socrates was aware that people were not open to the truth and that they had many barriers to reaching it. He knew that we all spend most of our time living in error. So he developed a procedure by which he was able to rise from error himself and to raise others from error as well† (Kern).By the use of critical thinking and analyzing, Socrates’ students were able to figure out their extent of knowledge, truth, justice, and belief. To answer problems, the students would break the problem down into questions, and with contradiction, the answer or better solutions could be found. The Socrates Method can be related to the modern Scientific Method, starting with a hypothesis, and testing the hypothesis until achieving consistent results. This method was mainly used to display how people should act in society, justice, and moral. The Socratic Method led him toShow MoreRelatedFalse Facts About False Beliefs1075 Words   |  5 Pagesmaterialize. If the hypothesis does not appear to materialize, it is considered wrong. Therefore, if the hypothesis were true, the expected implications would not have followed. A quote from Socrates states: If I could only find a man wiser than myself then I might go to the god with a refutation in my hand. Socrates found that he was more knowledgeable then these men and never did he presume to be more knowledgeable than he was. He recognized that he was more knowledgeable but realized the point whenRead MoreFate Or Free Will?882 Words   |  4 Pagesyears now. This is a tremendously complicated dialogue and conceivably even inexplicable. Philosophically, there is an extremely diaphanous line separating free will and fate. Free will resides within one’s individuality; it has to do with the present. The how and when experiences that are within our controls that is free will. On the other hand, human beings do not have immortality, so one will never be capable enough to circumvent dying that is fate. Socrates was one of the most distinguishedRead MoreSocrates s View Of Philosophical Thought983 Words   |  4 Pages Socrates was a novel philosopher who challenged the limitations of philosophical thought during his lifetime. More specifically, Socrates was a key proponent for the idea known as ‘Dualism’, in which the mind (Soul) and the body are not mutually exclusive entices, bur rather interact in a tangible manner in which they come to have a reciprocated relationship. Throughout many religions and spiritual movements, Socrates view of a interaction between the immortal soul and the physical body is evidentRead MoreThe Apology Of Plato s Apology982 Words   |  4 Pages In the â€Å"Apology,† Socrates seems disobedient, disrespectful and even boastful as he speaks to the magistracy. In â€Å"Crito,† however, Socrates is found sleeping soundly as he patiently awaits his punishment – death. It seems that Plato’s works paint two entirely contradicting portraits of his mentor. Yet, it was not a contradiction for Socrates to refuse Crito’s help to leave Athens and avoid punishment, because the alternative penalties or escape would compromise Socrates lifestyle, and since he failedRead MoreEssay about Plato’s Apology933 Words   |  4 Pages Plato’s Apology Socrates was a very simple man who did not have many material possessions and spoke in a plain, conversational manner. Acknowledging his own ignorance, he engaged in conversations with people claiming to be experts, usually in ethical matters. By asking simple questions, Socrates gradually revealed that these people were in fact very confused and did not actually know anything about the matters about which they claimed to be an expert. Socrates felt that the quest for wisdom andRead MoreSocrates Views On Socrates729 Words   |  3 PagesTo question what no man has questioned before, that is what we praise Socrates for. Socrates’ Philosophies grew out of his questioning of the social norm. Using this technique, he seems to always focus on three main aspects: justice, virtue, and morality. Socrates claims that he has no wisdom. He states, â€Å"I know I have no wisdom, great or small.† The world has an infinite number of possibilities and anything he declares understand ing, is extremely minimal compared to the possibilities that existRead Moreâ€Å"A Truly Just City?† Essay701 Words   |  3 PagesIn the book â€Å"The Republic,† by Plato, Socrates constructs a utopia of a pure aristocracy to channel his visions of what he constitutes to be a just city. Socrates’ ideal of justice, is of a virtue that can be developed out of reason and knowledge, and when tuned correctly can be the justified way of governing a city. Fundamentally, the rulers are driven by specific appetites and virtues, that develop a cycle of ruling between the stages of aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy and eventuallyRead MoreThe Father Of Modern Physics1414 Words   |  6 Pagespeople as prodigies or fathers of their field, but what really defines somebody as knowledgeable? I believe that Socrates even today is still thought of as one of the greatest philosophers of our time, taking up multiple students who became just as famous as himself th rough his teachings. Yet many people argue if he actually knew anything. To decide if the people who believe if Socrates is actually knowledgeable we first have to define knowledge. Knowledge is experience you have gained about a subjectRead MoreThe Dilemma Of The Euthyphro Dilemma952 Words   |  4 PagesThe Euthyphro Dilemma gives the readers many good points to understand relativism about morality and connect with religion. Also, this is these dialogues between Euthyphro and Socrates, and it find out in the Plato’s dialogue. In the Euthyphro, Socrates asks whether a thing is pious (or good or right) because it is loved by the Gods (or, in its secular form, ‘loved by someone’), or is a thing loved by the Gods (or someone) because it is pious (or good) (Plato, 1981, 10a); it can be considered oneRead MoreWhat Is Right And Wrong?958 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"What is Truth?† Life is characterized by many situations that require decision making, especially on ethical and moral grounds. The issue of what makes an action right and wrong has been studied for a very long time and several theories developed to address this issue. Socrates and Aristotle are some of the early philosophers who came up with theories about the rightness or wrongness of our actions. As noted by Warnek (2005), Socrates considered self-knowledge as necessity of life and also, an important

The Costing Methods Analysis

Question: Define about The Costing Methods Analysis. Answer: Introduction: Costing Method is the name of a tool box, which is used by the authorities, decision makers of the organizations. In this box, there are various types of methods by which cost accounting is prepared. Different industries in the economy follow different kinds of ways to obtain their cost. The choice of technique from the 'tool box' depends on the nature and particulars of business. It also varies with the type of the product and the market structure. The production process plays a huge role in selecting the method of costing, from eight general methods of costing. The chosen method then involves the process of accumulating, thoroughly examining different parameters of costing, summarizing the results, and assessing several alternative courses of activity which includes costs and guiding the administration on the most suitable route of operation based on the cost efficiency and the management's capacity of an organization. A. Unit costing: In this process, all the costs are gathered and compiled for every job or work order or project individually. Every job can be distinguished easily and thus becomes necessary to interpret the costs according to the jobs. The production consists of distinct jobs or lots so that order number can determine costs. A job card is allocated for each task for cost accumulation. This method is suitable for Printers, Machine tool manufacturers, and general engineering workshops. (Shrestha, Sansom and Farnham 2012) Advantages: It makes each and every job easy to differentiate. The process makes the whole mechanism transparent. Tracking back every unit is easy in this process. Disadvantages: This method makes the overall process lengthy. Without the batch number it is almost impossible to track down the details of a product. B. Job costing: This method states that costs are determined for individual work order independently, as each job has its terms and range; 'Job costing' is used in many cases. Examples can be given as, in painting, car repairing, designing, and building repair (Wiles and Watts 2014). Advantages: It is helpful for following the precise cost of unique commodities and is the only accurate method for gathering costs for "cost-plus contractual arrangements." it also can produce particular outcomes of the open-ended costs of a present job. So, it is useful for monitoring purposes. Disadvantages: To get the correct view, it requires an enormous quantity of specific data collection and data entry, which is costly. It also has a risk of incorporating some incorrect data, making the system control process more expensive. There is a notable allocation of "overhead costs" for every job, clumsily implemented (Mitra 2016). C. Contract costing: For big jobs which include massive expenditures, lengthy time periods, and usually separated working sites. Each and every contract is handled as different units of costing. This is why it is has another name, terminal costing. Projects, which require contract costing includes bridge construction, construction of roads and buildings (Syrotyuk 2013). Advantages: In this method, the consumer has peace of mind and does not have to bother about unforeseen costs. The contractor understands that the customer has agreed to, and is okay with the level of price, so avoidances with wages are less likely to happen. Disadvantages: If there are any faults in the actions of the service provider, there comes a high chance of calamity in the service the consumer will receive. The consumer has no authority over the services he will get. D. Batch costing: The batch costing method is used in those places, where the units presented in the consignment are uniform in nature and composition. For the need of costing, every batch is managed as a unique job or divided job. Bakery industry and pharmaceutical industry generally use the batch costing method. Advantages: Distinguishing paying jobs from the unprofitable jobs is easier in this method. In this process, it is simpler to prepare the estimation and production planning. Cost data helps in adjusting budgets, as, spoilage defective work can be discovered. This process helps the authority in settling SP of special orders. It is beneficial for statistical design in preparing the trends of jobs. Disadvantages: This process requires costly production material and labor. It involves a lot of clerical work making the process laborious. The cost of detailing often results in incorrect outcomes. Two results cannot be compared in this process increasing the probability of mistakes. So, this method cannot be used for the purpose of control (Saaty and Vargas 2013). E. Operating costing: Operating or service costing is needed to determine the value of distinct service-oriented units, for example, clinics, railways, and buses. Each and every other service is administered as an unrelated factor in operating costing. In the example of a clinic, a unit is treated as the cost of bed for each day. On the other hand for busses, operating cost per kilometer is interpreted as one unit (Briciu, CăpuÃ…Å ¸neanu and Topor 2012). Advantages: Service costing makes the pricing attributes easy for the industry. The units of the products and services sold are not homogeneous in most of the cases making the process foolproof. The cost structure is easy to understand (Page et al. 2013). Disadvantages: No uniform price is charged for this type of costing. It makes the structure less predictable, which can be problematic for the end users. Miscalculation or any kind of wrong in the process will result in shut down of the process, leaving the open end users without options. F. Process costing: "Process costing is used for those products which go through different sets of operations." For example, several methods are involved in cloth manufacturing industry. "The first process is spinning. The output of that spinning method, yarn, is a final product which can be sold on the market to weavers or used as an input element for the weaving process in the same manufacturing unit." Putting the value of the thread, one can determine the total-cost of the spinning process. In next step the final good of the weaving process can also be marketed as a final product in the market. Here, the expense of material has to be estimated. In the 3rd step, the raw material is converted to a complete product. As an instance, a shirt or a trousers' pair can be considered. All the processes, which have the characteristics to be either a final or an intermediate good, can be evaluated individually (Drury 2013). Advantages: The advantages of the process costing are, it is easy and straightforward for accounting. It is a direct method of cost ascertainment which can collect the overall costs from every individual section and overlooks the costs which are related to particular jobs within the section. This decreases the size of the data, making a collection of data accessible and fast. The analysis is straightforward and does not expect any functional abilities other than standard accounting skills (Kaplan and Anderson 2013). Disadvantages: This way of costing is specifically suited for the goods which are homogeneous and cannot produce an exact estimate of commodity costs when a singular process provides multiple items or various versions of the same piece. It fits only for large process works but not for customized requests. Division of costs which are joint to distinct goods may lead to unreasonable pricing conclusions in these cases (Weygandt et al. 2015). G. Multiple costing: This method is also called 'composite costing.' In cases where the output is composed of many collected parts or elements, as in the event of televisions, motor vehicles, and electronic goods, costs have to be determined for each of the elements. The same goes for the final product. This kind of cost process may require diverse techniques of costing for various elements. For this reason, this costing type is identified as multiple costing or, composite costing (Della and Keating 2016). Advantages: This method of costing requires some usage of logical means for designating costs to outputs. There is no apparent attributable cost for this process. This approach is fundamentally used for accounting inventory for the purpose of external reporting. Disadvantages: Using this information for any administration goal might result fatally, as settlements based on allocated costs, with the purpose of altering those costs, fails. Except for inventory valuation, "by-product" and "joint product cost" is not approved. H. Uniform costing: This is a method in which some firms of that sector only use exact strategy of costing, using principles which are agreed-on and conventional accounting exercises. This process helps in fixing the price of the commodity and in inter-firm comparisons. This method is utilized in transport undertakings, gas companies, water works, services provided by municipalities, nursing homes, hospitality industries, etc. (Markantonis, Meyer and Schwarze 2012). Advantages: Using this process gives the ability to compare data inter-firm. Various markets and sectors can be inter-linked with the help of this method. It gives a logical view of the change of price and makes it easy to understand the mechanism. Disadvantages: Uniform costing creates opportunities for unwise people to behave improperly in the sector. One person can easily try to manipulate in this costing method by tampering over the data. This characteristic makes the method not trust-worthy in front of the eyes of common people. Conclusion: Costing method is a tool used by different companies for estimating their cost. There are eight methods for costing. Different technologies are used in the tool box depending on the type of business, product and the market structure. Unit costing, also known as single output costing is suitable for those products which are constructed by continuous production activity. In Job costing method, each cost is calculated separately depending on the terms and range. The contrast costing method is used for big jobs with high expenditure. In batch costing method, each unit is unique in nature. In the operating costing method, the costs of distinct service-oriented units are measured. The process costing method is used for the products with multiple set of operations. The multiple costing method is used where output is formed by many parts. The uniform costing method is used when some firms uses the same strategy. References: Markantonis, V., Meyer, V. and Schwarze, R., 2012. Review Article" Valuating the intangible effects of natural hazardsreview and analysis of the costing methods".Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,12(5), pp.1633-1640. Della Porta, D. and Keating, M., 2016. Activity 28 Costing a Research Project.100 Activities for Teaching Research Methods. Briciu, S., CăpuÃ…Å ¸neanu, S. and Topor, D., 2012. DEVELOPMENTS ON SWOT ANALYSIS FOR COSTING METHODS.International Journal of Academic Research,4(4). Page, K., Graves, N., Halton, K. and Barnett, A.G., 2013. Humans,things and space: costing hospital infection control interventions.Journal of Hospital Infection,84(3), pp.200-205. Shrestha, R.K., Sansom, S.L. and Farnham, P.G., 2012. Comparison of Methods for Estimating the Cost of Human Immunodeficiency VirusTesting Interventions.Journal of Public Health Management and Practice,18(3), pp.259-267. DRURY, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Kaplan, R. and Anderson, S.R., 2013.Time-driven activity-based costing: a simpler and more powerful path to higher profits. Harvard business press. Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D. and Kieso, D.E., 2015.Financial Managerial Accounting. John Wiley Sons. Mitra, A., 2016.Fundamentals of quality control and improvement. John Wiley Sons. Wiles, C. and Watts, P., 2014. Continuous process technology: a tool for sustainable production.Green Chemistry,16(1), pp.55-62. Syrotyuk, S.D., 2013. Method of evaluation costs transformation of knowledge staff self-learning system.Science Vector of Togliatti State University. Series: Economics and Management, (3 (14)). Saaty, T.L. and Vargas, L.G., 2013.Decision making with the analytic network process: economic, political, social and technological applications with benefits, opportunities, costs and risks(Vol. 195). Springer Science Business Media.

Introduction to Marketing in Travel and Tourism Essay Example

Introduction to Marketing in Travel and Tourism Essay The definition of marketing is: the management processes responsibly for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customers requirements profitably *source institute of marketing. Setting targets is a common approach but one that often fails for a number of reasons. Often the targets are not appropriate or where they are, once written, they are never utilised. Setting SMART targets can help with the former (but not with the latter) SMART stands for S We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Marketing in Travel and Tourism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Marketing in Travel and Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Marketing in Travel and Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Specific M Measurable A Attainable R Realistic T Time-constrained Therefore essentially SMART targets set out whats going to happen, whos going to do it, when its going to be done by, and how achievement will be measured. Easy to say much harder to do in practice and provide meaningful targets. Also it is vitally important to provide customers with the right product or service, this is noticeable when customers are purchasing a holiday. Since when you go into a travel agent you can see the different brochures they have on offer, this is because customers have different needs/ requirements, which need to be addressed. As a result when a customer is looking for a particular destination or resort then they need a brochure to be applied to this in terms of purchasing a holiday. E.g. skiing holiday not a summer sun destination. Many clients need to be provided with the right products and services and much of this can be done in a variety of ways such as informing the company as to what you requirements may be or need in the present or future. Or the company having the facilities to cater for the individual needs. During the year there is a significant fluctuation in prices this is because there is known as a high and a low season in the Travel and Tourism P4. industry. This is because there are periods when holiday purchases are significantly lower depending on the month. This is because people choose to take their children away mainly during school holidays which means that during the high season their will be more bookings. As a consequence the travel companies put up prices to compensate for the loss in trade during the lower seasonal months. However many people who dont work choose to purchase their holidays during the winter months this is predominantly noticeable in the old aged pensioners groups. Therefore making an advantage to the high and low season. In comparison to this parents or guardians have to pay a considerably higher price when taking their children away on holiday, for reasons mentioned above. Mainly a typical package holiday is sold from a travel agent, which are generally located in high street locations. Ideal for people to see when theyre out in their local town or city. As a result you can expect to find many different outlets which means there is plenty of choice for people to come across when purchasing a package holiday. The location of travel agents is largely to do with the population numbers, this is because more people equates to more money. Therefore with densely populated areas there is more shops and more travel agents, in comparison to sparsely populated areas such as village not benefiting from travel agents which means that they have to commute to purchase a holiday. If they decide to purchase through that means of purchase. Travel companies use different promotional methods to influence peoples decisions about purchasing a holiday. Travel companies use many different media forms to convey their message, which they are trying to portray to the consumer. Many people can see these promotional influences in the form of bill boards, TV advertisement, magazines, fliers, posters, letters, SPAM e-mails, internet pop-ups, newspapers, transport stations, and internet web page advertisement. As a result of their being many different forms of media advertisement available to the companies there is plenty of ways of encouraging prospective clients to purchase a travel and tourism product and service through their company. The major marketing management decisions can be classified in one of the four categories: ? Product. ? Price. P4. ? Place. (distribution) ? Promotion. These variables are known as the marketing mix or the 4 ps marketing. They are the variables that marketing managers can control in order to best satisfy customers in a target market. They marketing mix is portrayed in the following diagram. The firm tries to generate a positive response in a target market by blending these marketing mix variables in an optimum manner. Product. The product is the physical product or service offered to the consumer. In the case of physical products, it also refers to any services or conveniences that are part of the offering. In the travel industry the physical product is the actual holiday. Therefore differentiating in a physical product (the holiday) and a product you purchase in a shop for example. Product decision includes aspects such as a function, appearance, packaging, service, warranty etc. P4. Price. Pricing decisions should take into account profit margins and the profitable pricing response of competitors. (The Big 4) Pricing includes not only the list price, but also discounts, financing and other options such as leasing of properties in which company affiliated stores, offices etc are based. Place. Place (or placement) are decisions are decisions associated with channels of distribution that serve as a means of getting the product to the target consumer. As mentioned earlier. Distribution decisions include market coverage, logistics and level of service required. Promotion. Promotion decisions are those relating to communicating and selling to potential customers. Since these costs can be large in proportion to the product. Their needs to be analysis of the of the income generated by the sales which they can get from their financial records and the amount the company is prepared to pay or promotion of their products and services. This is noticeable during the low season when adverts are on the TV informing people about warm sunny location. Therefore influencing people to get away from the cold weather (due to autumn winter advertisement) therefore establishing the high seasons brochures. Which people can book in months or weeks in advance before the peek time for foreign transport to popular destinations. Many companies want to determine the future profit margins of their company, therefore market research is a significant advantage of what the customers needs and wants may be. Many companies entice people to fill in questionnaires by offering free holidays to popular destinations to a small number of lucky people (no guarantee of a holiday though!) Therefore companies can accurately gain an insight into the future outcomes for the company such as profit, amount of custom etc. P4. Therefore when people fill in the surveys companies can utilise the information and apply this to charts and see where the biggest needs and wants may lie, therefore giving the company the opportunity to apply these changes to the high season when business is busiest. Every person is classified; therefore companies can use this information in determining the products and services they should offer to their customers. Clients may be classified on gender, ethnic background, socio-economic group, age/ family circumstances, geographical location, and age. The information in which the travel companies have about potential clients can be focused or geared towards a particular market segment. Therefore increasing the productivity of the company in general. Target markets can be complex because there are many different types of people in which activities can be offered at particular clients. For summer sun holidaymakers, people can participate in many different activities, which the resort representative(s) talk about in the welcome meeting. For people who are going on sports holiday then sports and recreational facilities would be the main focus of the holiday in contrast to relaxation which would be associated with summer sun holidays or a health spa. Do not reproduce this work its a guide only! Dont forget the golden rule state your sources.

Tesco History Corporate strategies, corporate social responsibilities and Advertising

Tesco UPL started in London’s East End. It was founded by Jack Cohen as a one man business. He was a son of a tailor and when he started it, he specialized in selling groceries in the markets of London East End. The company started in 1919 and it adapted its brand name Tesco on 1924.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tesco History Corporate strategies, corporate social responsibilities and Advertising specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The brand name was delivered from a combination of the initials of its former supplier T.E. Stockwell (TES) with initials (CO) from his surname. Thus, the misconception that the brand name Tesco originated from a combination of his name Jack and his presumed wife Tessa is wrong, since he has never been married to such a woman. Tesco started its first store at Burnt Oak, in 1929 and it started trading its shares in London Stock exchange in 1947. It was in 1956 that it started its first self-service store and first supermarket in St Albans and Maldon respectively (Tesco Corporate Profile (2004, para.5). Tesco has expanded greatly to be the biggest chain of supermarket in United. Internationally, it is placed at position four after Wal-Mart of United States on America, Carrefour of France, and the Home Deport also from the United States of America. Tesco has been successful in opening stores in 14 countries in Europe, North America and Asia. The company has expanded his line of production from specializing in selling groceries by also stocking consumer goods, financial services and Telecoms that has enabled it generate revenue of  £3.41 billion annually(Tesco Corporate Profile (2004, para.7). Tesco-Corporate Strategy Tesco’s expansion over the last three decades comprises of a complete change of its strategy and image. In its early years it used a strategy that was known as ‘pile it high, sells it cheap’. This strategy was initiated by J ack Cohen and was very effective by then, but latter it was not successful in selling the brand to the middle-class customers, since they had a poor image for the brand. In 1970s, many consultants recommended a change of the names of its store due to their poor, an issue that was never implemented.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They latter changed their strategy that enabled them establish a well consistent growth that facilitated it in 2005 to become the biggest retailer market in United Kingdom with a domestic grocery market share of 29% compared with 16.8% of Wal-Mart who were formerly dominating the market. The company established a strategy that that was aimed at broadening the scope of the business. This was meant to ensure that the company delivers a strong sustainable long-term growth. This new strategy entailed expanding the domestic markets to offer diversified p roducts such as non-food, telecoms and financial services. This strategy which was initiated in 1997 is the one that ensured the growth and success of the company. This strategy comprises of five elements; Core UK: Tesco has the biggest domestic market in United Kingdom. Approximately 70% of their growth and profit occurs in UK. It has over 2,200 stores that have enabled to employ more than 285,000 people. Its expansion in UK happens as a result of extending its established store, opening new store and lastly by the strategy of multi-format approach. Its sale of non-food has greatly boosted the expansion of the company. To sell its products, Tesco has adapted five diverse store formats which are costumed to meet the needs of their customers. They are categorized according to what they stock and size. They include; Express (up to 3,000 sq ft) Tesco has more than 960 such stores that sell a range of up 7,000 products to their customers. They are located close to where their customer l ive and work for convenience while buying. They stock high quality and fresh food stuff, wines and spirit. Metro (approx. 7,000-15,000 sq ft) The company has more than 170 metro. The first metro was established in 1992. Metro are aimed at enhancing the conveniences of shopping in towns and city centers. They stock variety of products including sandwiches and ready-meals, Superstore (approx. 20,000-50,000 sq ft) Tesco have more than 450 such stores that stock a wide range of products. Nowadays they have diverse products that include non-food products such as books and DVDsAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tesco History Corporate strategies, corporate social responsibilities and Advertising specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Extra (approx. 60,000 sq ft and above) In the United Kingdom, there are over 175 such stores. They stock a wide range of non-food and food products. These products include clothing, health and be auty, electrical equipments and others. The Homeplus is another store that is on trial .They are 10 in numbers and are aimed mostly at stocking on non-food products. Apart from Tesco designing its stores in various formats to suit its customers, it offers its products in a broadened appeal. Tesco is continually investing to expand their line of production to offer their customers a wide variety of products to choose from. Tesco products enable various people to purchase their different products to supplement their lifestyle. For instance, their nutrition labeling educates their customers on the key information that enable them make an informed decision when buying from their stores. The recent economic depression had challenged their business greatly and as a result invented 500 more products that will enable various categories of customers to buy various products at a cheaper price without compromising on quality. Tesco stores are designed to appeal all the classes of their custome rs in reference to their social economic status. They ensure it by forming a slogan named ‘I’m not aware of any other retailer achieving’ this slogan has enabled Tesco appeal to every segment of UK market. Tesco Clubcard is a global leading loyalty card scheme that has information that enable Tesco understands its customer better and give them an opportunity to appreciate their customer for shopping with them. Tesco possess more than 8 million distinct coupons. Each clubcard mailing designed to reflect the type of bid suitable for any of their customer. The company has more than 15 million active cardholders. Tesco is the biggest private employer in UK with a workforce of more than 285,000. The company offers its customers packages of pay and benefit like children care vouchers or Save As you Earn. This is a scheme for saving that enables their customer to purchase shares at a discounted rate (Tesco PLC, 2010 Para. 6).). In summary, Tesco has used the strategy of diversification to become among the leading firms globally.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ability of the firm to succeed in selling its own-brand to its customers has helped the company make sufficient profit as this strategy ensures that a company retains a higher percentage of the overall profit. Thus, the company has enough resources at its disposal to expand to other places locally and also globally. Another strategy adapted by Tesco is core UK business. This involves stocking of grocery in its home market. This retailing is characterized by very strategic moves that entails opening large scale store in areas that other competing firms have shunned to explore. This strategy gives Tesco the advantage of being the first entrant thus; concentrating on establishing a strong brand in those areas such that other competing firms cannot be able to match its performance when they venture in these areas latter on. Non-food businesses-Apart from being successful in its grocery business, Tesco has also diversified its operations to include non-food products such as cloths, e lectronics, health and beauty products among others. This new diversification has ensured high revenues and especially in Ireland where it records very high revenues due to the sale of CDs. Retailing services;-Tesco has also expanded its operations to offer services such as personal finance. It has succeeded in the retailing services by entering in joints with other main players in the sector. This has strengthened its brand and expanded its customer base. Other competing firms in UK have also adapted this strategy, but Tesco have implemented it more strategically a move that has ensured this venture very profitable (Tesco PLC, 2010 Para. 8). For example, Tesco clients enjoy banking services from Tesco Bank which was initially a joint venture between Tesco and the Royal Banking of Scotland. It gives its customers offers on various products such as loan, credit cards among others. This new service ventures helps the firm record very high profits that assist the firm to venture in new services or areas. Tesco is also engaged in the cell phone industry. It cells various home phones, mobile phone and broadband business to various consumers across the globe. It has liaised with successful experts of existing telecom operators.International-Tesco started to expand outside UK in early 1994, and in 2005 it was successful to globalize approximately 20% of its operations mainly in central Europe and Far East (Tesco PLC, 2010 Para. 10). Tesco Social Responsibilities Buying and selling their products responsibly: Tesco have thousands of suppliers globally. They prefer their suppliers to be innovative and dynamic. To ensure it, they spend approximately  £800m of their turn over in United Kingdom for local sourcing. Tesco verify where their products originate from and also ensure they are produced in accordance to their standards. To achieve a very competent workforce that will be dynamic and very effective, Tesco has trained more than 400 suppliers in China, India, Bangl adesh, Spain and United Kingdom on how to enhance labor Standards to realize a workforce that is self motivated and very competent (Tesco Corporate Social Responsibilities, 2010, Para.2). Protecting the Environment: Tesco is committed in ensuring that its activities have very little negative impact on environmental. It achieves this by leasing with its supplies and encouraging them to ensure they use environmental friendly production methods to minimize pollution. Tesco has a vision to reduce its carbon emission to zero by 2050 by adapting the following strategies. Reducing carbon emission in all the new stores they will erect and the existing ones by 2020(Tesco Corporate Social Responsibilities, 2010, Para.3). Creating good jobs and careers:-Tesco employees are more than 285,000. Thus, Tesco expansion is an assurance that it will continue to give people more employment opportunities that assure them of a daily source of income for themselves and their families (Tesco Corporate Soci al Responsibilities, 2010, Para.3). Assisting customers make healthy choices:-Tesco products are labeled accordingly to assist various customers make informed decisions, while buying from their stores. They encourage their customers to purchase and eat more vegetables and fruits. It is done by offering discounts and promotions on such products. They occasionally take direct roles to ensure that their customers get healthy. They encourage people to lead active lifestyles. Healthy lifestyle helps one to balance the energy they consume to the one they expend. Some of the strategies it has adapted to make sure people live healthy lifestyles is by supporting aerobics and soccer tournaments for its customers (Tesco Corporate Social Responsibilities, 2010, Para.4). Advertisements Tesco capitalizes on the power of strategic advertisement to sell its brand locally and globally. It is noted as one company that uses very many advertisements yearly. It’s advertisements emphasis about aff ordable prices for their products and on healthy living. Tesco’s marketing department is very dynamic and innovative on the most successive advert to employ. The following are examples of adverts that have been used in the past; in 1982 it used its famous advert referred as â€Å"Checkout 82† .this advert involved a till with receipt coming from it with various prices. In 2003 Tesco advertised through adverts that comprised of items and shopping trolley that contained information about Tesco. Currently, Tesco is using adverts that comprises of celebrates such as the Spice Girls In conclusion, Tesco can be considered as a very successful company that originated from scratch to become a global company through its strategic chose of its corporate strategy, Social responsibility and Advertising. Thus, it can be a good role model for those upcoming companies that they can live beyond their odds to become among the leading organizations in the world. Reference List Tesco Cor porate Profile (2004). Retrieved from  https://corporatewatch.org/tesco-company-profile/ Tesco Corporate Social Responsibilities (2010). Retrieved from  https://www.tesco-programmes.com/ Tesco PLC (2010) .Tesco Strategy. Retrieved from  https://www.tescoplc.com/about-us/ This essay on Tesco History Corporate strategies, corporate social responsibilities and Advertising was written and submitted by user Emerson Hensley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom The Privacy Act of 1974 essay

buy custom The Privacy Act of 1974 essay Purpose This legislation was enacted on 31st December 1974 to establish a Code of Fair Information Practice which was meant to govern the collection, use, dissemination, and maintenance of individuals private information held by the federal government agencies in their systems of records. In these systems, information is categorized in a manner that enables its retrieval by an identifier assigned to an individual such as name or social security number. disclose the types of records they keep by publishing in the federal Registry. The act elaborates how an individual can lawfully access and amend the records of information about them; and stipulates the record keeping requirements that an agency need to fulfill. The Code of Fair Information Practices was recommended in a report that had been published by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The report emphasized on five principles: no record should be regarded as absolutely private; a person has a right to establish the informati on contained in his/her record, as well as its use; an individual should have the capacity to restrict the information use to the purpose it was intended for at the time of initial collection; individuals should be provided with mechanisms of amending erroneous information; the federal agencies dealing with individual records must prevent their misuse and ensure their reliability. Exemptions from Privacy Although the agencies are prohibited by the act from disclosing personal records without the owner's consent, several exceptions have been provided. These exceptions followed the work of Private Protection Study Commission which established that the act had been vague, and would not have met its intended purposes. It was agreed that the act should be reviewed and updated. The fundamental aims of the act were to remain relevant as more definitions were provided to upgrade it to the realities such as current information systems and technology. Among the provisions for disclosure include: Subsections j and k of this legislation provide the instances when the federal agencies can lawfully claim exemptions. The act allows for seven provisions,which permit access to individuals records and their amendment, in accordance to the requirement that the agency should only hold necessary and relevant information. These provisions are that if the data is to be used during: the investigation aimed at determining eligibility and qualification of a potential employee in military service and federal contracts, the evaluation of an enlisted man for promotion, and evaluation of individual for federal service appointments. Other exemptions are meant to facilitate the security of the President, maintain statistical records, and provide investigatory materials for the purpose of law enforcement. Effects of Private Act of 1974 on Health Care The enactment of the Private Act of 1974 introduced complex legalities and increased costs when dealing with individuals private information. Misuse or unauthorized disclosure of personal records attracts heavy penalties; a situation which reduces the chance of information sharing for the purpose of comparison. There are several critics who voice such concerns in medical publications such as Annals of Internal Medicine, and advocates for the revision to be done on the act. Researchers argue that the legislation interferes with their capacity to perform chart-based exploration as well as contact patients for prospective evaluation and follow-up. According to a survey by the University of Michigan, the legislation has resulted into a drop in the follow-up survey on patients following a heart attack from about 95% to 34%. The enactment of the act has also rapidly increased the duration of enrolling patients of semi permanent diseases such as cancer to various organisations, and increase d the recruitment costs. Furthermore, arriving at an informed consent in research studies require across-the-board details regarding the manner in which the private health information is to be kept private. These lengthy legalistic sections meant to ensure privacy end up making medical documents complex and incomprehensible to the patient who have to read, understand, and sign them (Glee et al, 2002). This follows that, the Privacy Act of 1974 is impacting negatively on quality and cost of medical researrch. Researchers insist that as much as legislations are passed to ensure privacy, quality, and comprehensive research works should not be compromised. The complexity of provisions in the Private Act of 1974 makes medical centers and physicians withhold medical information in an overly guarded manner due to uncertainty regarding their privacy responsibilities. To establish these responsibilities requires advanced practices and systems as well as an increase in staff time. These measures, however, do not guarantee full compliance as errors or omissions can still be made resulting into legal battles. The risk, coupled with reduced costs deters these physicians and private medical centers making them opt for complete withholding of medical information. This ends up depleting scientists the raw data on which to base their research works which in effect aggravates medical risks in the society. Additionally, due to the legal complexity in Europe and United States, several researchers have opted to base their work in the less developed nations. These nations have inadequate infrastructure to facilitate effective research; a factor that slo ws down progress. Furthermore, due to insufficient ethical guidelines, several research firms operate with near impunity; and this endangers the human subjects who are engaged in various experimentations. Current Application of Private Act of 1974 As amended, the Private Act of 1974 protects some individual records held by the federal government. The legislation covers the systems of records maintained and retrieved by an agency using a personal identifier, their routine uses, and how to address customer complaints. Presently, the protection offered by this legislation does not entirely cover private records that are not in the hands of the federal government, for example, bank account details, credit reports, and medical records. Some of these exemptions resulted following complaints that the act restricted quality while increasing costs of operation. However, some records in private hands are still protected under certain state and federal laws with the aim of safeguarding national interest, such as those enforced by the Federal trade Commission. Buy custom The Privacy Act of 1974 essay

Thermodynamic and Fluids Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Thermodynamic and Fluids Report - Coursework Example In the second part we shall use a pitot static tube to determine the behavior of air flow. The basic principle of both the pitot, static and pitot static tube is that the pressure of a flowing fluid will increase if it is brought to rest at a point of stagnation of the probe. If an assumption is made that if the flow in the fluid is similar to that of a gas, the velocity of the fluid will be much smaller as compared to the speed of sound such that the changes in the density may be overlooked (Bertin, 2002). Therefore, the fluid basically behaves like an incompressible fluid. The point of stagnation can be located on the system and the streamlines can be bent past the body of the aircraft. The pressure experienced at the point of stagnation is referred to as the stagnation pressure. If the viscous effects experienced by the body are negligible, the difference between the stagnation pressure and the static pressure is usually related to the dynamic pressure which is then related to the square of the velocity (Panton, 2005). Therefore, the velocity information is then conver ted to a pressure difference which can e measured by a measuring device for pressure such as the manometer (von Kà ¡rmà ¡n, 2000). The static tube is composed of a cross section surface with tubes and a manometer. The air flows across the cross section into the manometer where the density of air can be determined. The manometer allows for the determination of the static pressure, the dynamic pressure and the stagnation pressure of the fluid. The pitot static tube is a combination of the static and pitot tube. In this tube, the flow in the tube is axi-symmetric and within the vicinity of the nose. The pitot tube is then connected to one limb of a U tube manometer while the other limb of the manometer is connected to a tap made on the tube wall. Both the tap and the nose of the tube approximately on the same planes. An

Why have the use of illcit substances become more common place amoung Essay

Why have the use of illcit substances become more common place amoung the youth in society - Essay Example Issues like the drug and other illicit substance abuse among youth! So sensitive is this issue that any misgiving can lead to catastrophe. In this research we try to identify and determine that is drug abuse really a threat or an episode of the aforementioned phenomenon. The purpose for selecting the topic is to define how illicit substances and their uses are common among the youth. Media is very popular now days. It occupies a big chunk of teenagers time and at the same time the failure to follow age restrictions are allowing teenagers to use illicit substances. And this curse is growing rapidly and is actually leaving negative effects on youth. The available work done related to this topic. In this project we explore how this influence of illicit substances has become stronger with a passage of time. Considering the amount youth spend using media facilities, this should be taken into account and also to understand the relationship of illicit substances used by youth and the role played by media (McArthur, 1999).. Our youth are considered the considered the most sensitive and receptive during their early years and this is the time in the modern era that exposure to media is at its height. The problem is how the use of illicit substances among youth really leads to believe or its just exaggeration and influence of the media. There is no yardstick to measure this phenomenon so it goes unchecked as it brings revenue to the media industry. This is the growing age of the youth and the involvement of media plays an important role. They tend to forget that there will be repercussions for their actions. It has been scientifically concluded that television as a source of media has a causal relationship. But this does not mean that it creates influence among the youth to use illicit substances. The developers of media were blamed for so me of the more extreme cases of the use of illicit substances. On the contrary many are disturbing in the sense of

3M case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

3M case study - Essay Example The firm depends heavily on smaller market research firms for conducting market research for them. Pricing of their product were also not adequate to compete in the international market. The strategies like â€Å"Lead User† was not successful Most of the new products developed consumed too much time and because of the heavy pricing they failed in the market. The 3M management failed to identify experts at the right time to cater the needs of current trends in the international market. Their efforts to modernize the traditional managers were not succeeded enough. The mixing of diverse knowledge and talent to develop a new project: Since most of the employees working in the 3M company were coming from different parts of the world with different skill sets, the careful blending of such talents were a challenging one Innovation tactics: The 3M firm believed that individual love for discovery would drive innovation. The company allowed all staffs to spend 15% of their time to explore new ideas. This tactics also didn’t work for them The managers needed vigorous training to understand the need of scientific management techniques and modern technologies to lead a business successfully. It is always better to adopt â€Å"Follow User† strategy rather than a Lead User strategy for effective marketing of the products. The pricing of the 3M products must be revised in accordance with the international standards to compete in the market. The R&D should be expanded and it should devote its entire time in developing new ideas and product based on the market feedback. Market research must be conducted by 3M employees only. It is not advisable to depend, secondary sources for market research as marketing is one of the core elements in every

Medicinal Properties of Fruits for Cancer

Medicinal Properties of Fruits for Cancer ABSTRACT Cancer a disease with high morbidity and mortality rates is a challenge to human life. The current therapeutic strategies are associated with adverse effects which necessitates alternate treatment with less adverse effects. In addition to this cancer prevention is desirable which has lead to a new concept called biochemoprevention. In this regard, medicinal properties of plants can be exploited for cancer prevention and management as they can be procured cost effectively and are less likely to produce adverse effects as they are diet derived. This article reviews the phytochemicals and evidence based preventive and therapeutic effects of some commonly used plants with medicinal properties against cancer. Key words: Cancer, phytochemicals, medicinal properties of plants, biochemoprevention. INTRODUCTION Cancer continues to be a challenge to human life as the disease has high morbidity and mortality rates. Though surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy remain the â€Å"Gold Standard† measures of cancer therapy they are associated with adverse effects. Despite the recent advances in therapeutic strategies, the five year survival rate of one of the most commonly occurring cancer like oral cancer is as low as 62% with no improvement in the quality of life of the affected individuals1. Hence a treatment modality with less adverse effects will be of great benefit to the affected patients. Also research in the field of oncology has lead to better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis that has revealed that caner is a largely preventable disease. Hence a new concept called biochemoprevention has evolved not only to prevent but also combat the shortcomings of cancer therapy. Chemoprevention or biochemoprevention refers to pharmacological intervention with syntheti c or natural compounds that may prevent, inhibit or reverse carcinogenesis. The use of medicinal plants for the management of various diseases including cancer has been carried out several hundred years ago during the period of Charaka, the Father of Medicine and Susrutha, the Father of Surgery. With the advent of Modern medicine, traditional medicine has lost its importance. Hence the medicinal properties of plants which are our natural resources must be re- explored to prevent and treat cancer. The advantages of utilizing medicinal properties of plants for cancer prevention and management include easy availability, cost effective and less likely to produce side effects as most of these plants or plant parts are diet derived. This article highlights evidence based preventive and therapeutic effects of some commonly used plants with medicinal properties against cancer. REVIEW NEEM Azadirachta indica commonly known as neem in English and Vembu in Tamil is native to our country and is known for several medicinal properties including antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic. It also finds its use in preparation of cosmetics, tooth brush, fertilizer, and tooth brush. This could be attributed to more than 140 compounds present in various parts of the plant. Recently research has been carried out to demonstrate the antineoplastic effects of this plant. Ethanolic extract of neem leaves caused both reduction in tumor size and decrease in tumor progression even after cessation of treatment with neem extract in N methyl N nitrosurea induced mammary tumors in Sprague Drawley rats. Molecular analysis revealed upregulation of proapoptotic genes and proteins such as p53, Bcl2 (B cell lymphoma 2), Bax, Caspases, PTEN (Phosphatase and tensin homologe), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinases) and down regulation of oncogenes such as VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor), CDK1 (cycl in dependent kinase 1),Nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B), MAP 1 (mitogen activated protein kinase 1).2Glycoproteins present in neem leaves also exert anti- cancer effects by restricting tumor growth in murine, These proteins alter tumor microenvironment by increasing CD 8 T (cluster of differentiation ) cells, protect T cells from Anergy, decrease activation induced T cell death by decreasing expression of FAsR. (FAS receptor) Cytotoxicity of sarcoma cells were caused due to increased expression of performin, granzyme B in lymphocytes3. These results shed light on the fact that neem extracts posses immunomodulatory effects hence aid in targeted therapy against malignant cells, sparing normal cells. Hence these extracts are less likely to produce side effects. TULASI Oscimum sanctum commonly known as Tulasi in Tamil and Holy basil in English is a sacred plant of Hinduism. The aromatic plant has several medicinal properties and has been used several thousand years ago for the management of various diseases and ailments like common cold, fever, acne, headache, stress, aphthous ulcers, asthma, bronchitis, tuberculosis, ecema. It also has been used as an expectorant for management of cough, antimicrobial agent in preventing diarrhoea, analgesic for pain management. Other medicinal properties include immunomoduation, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective. Phytochemical constituents that confer these properties are oleanic acid, urosolic acid, rosmatinic acid, eugenol, carvacol, linalool, beta carophyllene, beta elemene, germaserene. Oscimum sanctum possesses cancer preventive and therapeutic properties. Important phytochemicals such as eugenol, rosmarinic acid, apigenin, silosterol, carnosic acid, lutrolen, myrtenal present in tulasi prevent chemical ind uced cancers of skin, lung, oral cavity, liver by induction of apoptosis, prevention of angiogenesis and metastasis, antioxidant activity and alteration of genes4. Flavonoids such as ornitine, vicenin, protect normal tissue from therapeutic radiation and prevent radiation induced mortality in mice. Eugenol, rosmarinic acid and apigenin present in Holy basil prevent radiation induced DNA (deoxy ribonucleic acid) damage thereby acting as chemopreventive agent. Tulasi exerts radioprotective effects in oral cancer by causing significant reduction of glutathione in erythrocytes of oral cancer patients who were treated with radiotherapy and flavonoids of Oscimum sanctum in comparison with oral cancer patients who received only radiotherapy.5 ALLIUM VEGETABLES Allium vegetables like onion are used as flavouring and seasoning agent for food in many countries6. Interestingly two species of onion viz red onion (Allium cepa) and yellow onion (Allium flavum) possess medicinal properties. Bulb of Allium cepa contains flavonoids such as anthrocyanins and dihydroflavonols7. The sulphur containing active constituent of onion bulb occur mainly in the form of s alkaline cysteine sulfoxides which decompose into thiosulfinates and polysulfides8. Thiosulfinates are volatile sulphur compounds responsible for the pungent odour and medicinal properties9. Onion exerts chemopreventive activity. The ethyl acetate extract of onion has been shown to induce apoptosis in human breast cancer cell lines10. It also inhibits fatty acid synthase and lipid accumulation in adipocytes, thereby preventing obesity, one of the predisposing factors for breast cancer11. Yellow onion (Allium flavum) also has anticancer activity Allium flavum extract has significant phenolic content, antioxidant, antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillius subtilis and antiproliferative activity against HCT cell lines (Homo sapiens colorectal carcinoma cell lines)12. PINEAPPLE Annamas cosmous or pineapple is a tropical plant of Bromadiaceae family. Edible portion of this plant is the fruit which is made of coalesced berries. Pineapple has been used in South America, China, South East Asia for the management of various ailments like inflammation, burns as it exerts medicinal properties like anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, fibrinolytic, inhibition of platelet aggregation and skin debridement. In 1957, Bromelain was identified as the active principle present in the stem and unripe fruits of pineapple exerting the above mentioned activities. Bromelain, is a mixture of proteases13. Bromelain alters molecular pathways of carcinogenesis, tumor microenvironment hence could be used as an anticancer agent. Bromelain also exerts anticancer effects by immunomodulation and hemostatic mechasnism14. Pineapple extract in stage 2 mouse skin tumorigenesis model cause reduction in tumor size (65%) and volume. Molecular analysis revealed upregulation of p53,Bax,, caspase 3 ,9 and downregulation of Bcl2, inhibition of COX 2( cyclooxygenase 2), inactivation of NF kappa B (nuclear factor kappa B), MAP(mitogen activated protein linase) kinase, Erk (extracellular-signal-regulated kinases ) and Akt (protein kinase B)15,16. CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES Brassica oleracea belongs to the family Brassiaceae which are commonly known as cruciferous vegetables. In uncultivated form it is called as wild cabbage and is native to Europe. Cabbage (Brassica oleracea capita), Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea botrytis), Brocoli (Brassica oleraceaitalica) are some of the varieties of wild cabbage developed by various cultivars. These cruciferous vegetables are a part of diet in many countries including India. Recently research has been carried out to assess the phytochemical constituents and medicinal properties of these vegetables17. The leaves of Cabbage contain 2 pyrolidinone which has been isolated and identified by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and High Performance liquid chromatography. This active constituent induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in GO/G1 phase in HeLa ( cervical cancer cell line taken from Henrietta Lacks) and BC-3 cell lines (body cavity-based lymphoma cell line ), hence possesses antitumor activity.18 Brassica o leracea also contains glucosinoates which on hydrolysis yields isothicyanates that exerts antineoplastic effects. Surforaphane is one such isothiocyanate that causes downregulation of Bcl2 and upregulation of p53, Bax, Caspase 3 in Hep 2 cell lines ( He La derivative )19. Isothicyanates has chemopreventive effects. These isothiocyanates modulate carcinogen metabolising enzymes, thereby limit formation of reactive intermediates that from DNA adducts. Both intact glucosinolates and isothiocyantes modulate Phase II detoxification enzymes such as Quinone reductases, GST,( Glutathione-S-transferases) EH (Epoxide hydrolase), UGT (Uridine 5-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase). Intact glucosinolates modulate CYP cytochrome P450 enzymes line EROD (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) , MROD (ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase). Isothicyanates and glucosinolates like Phenyl isothiocyanates, erucin, sulforaphone are antagonists of Aryl hydrocarcobon receptor hence aid in cancer prevention17. APPLE Apple, the pomaceous fruit of Malus domestica tree belongs to the family Rosaceae. Malas sieversi, ancestor of this species is native to the mountains of Central Asia. It is one of the oldest known fruit that prevents lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), thrombosis and stroke. Polyphenols and flavonoids, the phytochemical constituents of apple fruit have antioxidant properties. The phytochemical components of apple can act as chemopreventive agent due to the antioxidant and antiproliferative property20. Triterpenoids of apple peel possesses antitumor activity. 2R-hydroxy-3à ¢-{[(2E)-3-phenyl-1-oxo-2-propenyl]oxy}olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 2R-hydroxyursolic acid and 3à ¢-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-2R-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid , the triterpenoids isolated from apple peel exerts higher antitumor activity against HepG2 cell lines. Ursolic acid, 3à ¢-transp-coumaroyloxy-2R-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid and 2R-hydroxyursolic acid are the terpenoids that has higher antineoplastic activity against MCF-7 (Michigan Cancer Foundation-7) cancer cells. Terpenoids such as 2R-hydroxy-3à ¢-{[(2E)-3-phenyl-1-oxo-2- propenyl]oxy}olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 2R-hydroxyursolic acid, maslinic acid, and 3à ¢-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-2R-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid has higher anticancer effects against heterogeneoushumanepithelialcolorectaladenocarcinomacells (Caco2) cancer cells. Apple peel extracts exert anticancer effects by causing Go/G1 cell cycle arrest, decreasing expression of Proliferating cell nuclear antigen, increasing the levels of the tumor suppressor protein mapsin in human prostrate and breast carcinoma cells21,22. PAPAYA Carcia papaya commonly known as papaya of the family Caricaceae is cultivated throughout India. Leaves of papaya have been used to treat diseases and aliments like jaundice, asthma, colic, fever, beri beri. Recent studies have demonstrated that papaya leaf extracts could be used for cancer management. Significant growth inhibitory activity of Carica papaya leaf extract on a couple of cell lines including Raji and Ramos (Burkitt’s lymphoma cell lines) , Jurkat (T cell Lymphoma cell line), HepG2 and Huh-7 (hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines), K562 (chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line) PC14 (lung adenocarcinoma cell line), HeLa (cervical carcinoma cell line, Panc-1 (pancreatic epithelioid carcinoma cell line), Capan1 (pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line), ARH77 (plasma cell leukemia cell line), H2452 (mesothelioma cell line) , Karpas-299 (anaplastic large cell lymphoma cell line), MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma cell line). Treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBC) with the extract caused increased production of antitumour cytokines with no change in viability of the cells. In addition, the peipheral blood mononuclear cells treated with the extract had increased cytotoxic activity against chronic mylogenous lukemia cell line23. Thus Carcia papaya exterts antitumour activity through grwoth inhibitory and immmunomodulatory mechanisms. This property could be attributed to the active constituent carpaine present in papaya leaves. Papaya Leaf also contains a remarkable protein-dissolving enzyme called papain that degrades fibrin that makes up the protective layer of cancer cells, making the cancer cells more susceptible to immune response or chemotherapy. Studies have revealed that mice immunized with papain possess serum antibodies which cross-react with cathepsin-B- and cathepsin-H-like endopeptidases isolated from B16 melanoma cells along with inhibition of growth rate, invasion and metastasis in B16 melanoma and the Lewis lung carcinoma .Thus t he compound hinders tumor growth and prevents it from spreading to other parts of the body24. In addition, papaya leaf has antioxidants like beta-carotene, flavonols, and vitamin C that scavenge free radicals which are responsible for carcinogenesis, which act as adjuvant for cancer therapy. Papaya seed has been used for the management of worm infestations in the gastrointestinal tract due to its antihelminthic activity. Papaya seeds contain benzyl isothiocyanate which exhibits antineoplastic effects by inhibiting of carcinogen-activating cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases and cell cycle progression; inducing carcinogen-detoxifying phase 2 enzyme and apoptosis. Higher concentration of BITC (benzylisothiocyanate) has a better inhibition rate of cell proliferation on H69 cell, with IC(50) value of 6.5 ÃŽ ¼mol/L25. TOMATO Lycopersecon ecsculentum or tomato belongs to the night shade family called Solanaceae. Fleshy fruit of this plant is red in colour which is classified based on size and shape as slicing or globe tomato, beefsteak, oxheart, plum, pear, cherri, carpari. Lycopene is the chief active constituent having antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardiovascular and immunomodulatory effects26. Lycopene is a better singlet oxygen scavenger than other carotenoids. Interestingly tomato leaves has anticancer activity. Extracts of tomato leaves have been shown to exert antineoplastic activity in MCF breast cancer cell lines by causing genetic alterations27. Lycopene promotes cell adhesion by increasing E cadherin expression, reduces cell proliferation by decreasing PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) expression and confines proliferating cells to the basal and parabasal layer in 4NQQ (4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide )induced tongue carcinogenesis model in mice. Thus Lycopene could be used as a chemopreventive agent28. Bifunctional nucelases from tomato RTBN1 also has antitumor activity29. CONCLUSION Along with attempts to improve cure rate of cancer, concerted efforts to prevent the disease continuity should be undertaken. This is particularly true for the high risk population and high risk individuals. A targeted prevention in high risk individuals with high risk lesions using agents targeted to key molecules in the carcinogenesis process should have an impact in lowering the disease morbidity and mortality. Advances in molecular biology have helped to define these high risk individuals with high risk lesions and novel chemopreventive targets. In this regard targeted approach using medicinal properties of plants should overcome some of the earlier setbacks observed in cancer prevention and therapeutic research.

Plato Contrasted with Confucius Essay -- Compare Contrast Plato Confuc

Plato Contrasted with Confucius Since the early beginnings of society, in which people began living in gathered communities, there can be seen a constant progression, upon a steady time line, of the increased order of the organization of society. However, this is not the kind of progress that was sought by two widely known philosophers and teachers, Plato and Confucius. The kind of social reform and alteration displayed in the teachings and writings of both of these men, examine a movement from societies viewed as chaotic and barbaric toward societies consisting of gentleman, practicing prescribed values, morals, and actions. Confucius and Plato both emphasized a moral conduct that went above and beyond the socially accepted norms of their times. Despite the concentration on these factors in Chinese and Grecian cultures, the progress attempted by both of these philosophers was not achieved by their own standards within their own societies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several common themes running through the primary work of compiled sayings attributed to Confucius: emphasis on gentlemanly conduct, pursuit of humbleness among fellow man, and a search for a proper ruler who is in accordance with â€Å"the Way.† Running throughout the entire book of â€Å"The Analects†, Confucius makes reference to many characteristics that a gentleman should possess. Even beginning in the first chapter of Book One, Confucius is attributed with saying, â€Å"Is it not gentlemanly not to take offence when others fail to appreciate your abilities?† Other characteristics Confucius attributed to gentlemanly conduct include studying the rites and â€Å"The Odes†, humbleness, lack of desire for places of position, unbending in moral conduct, and many other factors. By laying out a basis upon which a gentleman should act, Confucius establishes a standard to measure the quality of all men. Setting a standard implies that there are men above and below this set, desired point, and the word standard also indicates a measure of quantitative or qualitative value. By creating such a standard, Confucius is immediately able to begin causing social reform and progress. However, this progress, though achieved through concentration on social values, never reaches the capacity to which Confucius desires it to reach. Several sayings within The Analects indicate that Confucius is unable to see an accumulation of all desire... ...ty is tentative. It proves to reason that a society guided by high morals will have a progress. However, to assume that all corruption will be removed simply by placing leadership in office that adheres to the high standards fails to recognize the flaw in man that Plato and Confucius both obviously see: man is in need of progress towards civil order. From the beginning, man is already viewed as degraded and morally corrupt. The society will progress because progression of society has been the natural order since the beginning of civilization. It is the quality and moral standing of this progress that is in question. Using Plato’s method of progression, it can be seen that society is not progressing, but rather being led blindly down a road. Progression implies the acquisition of knowledge upon a continuous path. Keeping men under order through ignorance, and elevating those with morally upright actions only serves to further isolate and expand the gap between the men posse ssing knowledge of civil order and those merely following it out of service to a defined path. A false sense of progress is created, while the majority of society remains ignorant of why to be humane and civil.

Maintaining National Security in a Society

Maintenance of national security has always been an issue in a society that is based on civil rights and liberties (U.S†¦, n.d.). Explaining further, in the implementation of national security measures, although intended to protect the nation or the society, the reality is that it sometimes unavoidably and automatically have a tendency to confine an individual’s rights and liberties (U.S†¦, n.d.). This situation is not that difficult to deal with, however, it entails great understanding on the part of the people and extreme patience on the part of the government (U.S†¦, n.d.). Let us take the following example, wherein, the measures implemented including civil defense, emergency preparedness, anti-terrorism, etc trigger the â€Å"civil rights and liberties issues†: Back then the Transportation Security Administration’s rules and regulations with regards to air travel in the United States were rather lenient,   (Transportation.., n.d.). Moreover, electronic devices like cellular phones and laptop; food and drinks; makeup and personal items; martial arts, especially if you can show proof that you are traveling to compete; medications and hospital apparatuses needed by the passenger; self-defense items; sporting goods; tools; etc may be brought (Transportation.., n.d.). It was so â€Å"relaxed/lenient/easygoing† that implementing restrictions right now not to bring so when traveling made some individuals feel that their rights and liberties were somehow violated (Transportation.., n.d.). If only individuals would be more understanding and patient enough to really grasp that such preventive measures may prevent terrorism attacks like what occurred in September 11 then it would have been much better (Transportation.., n.d.). In addition to that though, complaints by some people is normal considering the changes in the rules, however, the government should also learn to explain better whatever their rules/regulations are (Transportation.., n.d.). Again, let’s take for instance; in this case, it was not made clear why certain liquids to be brought were limited to up to three ounces only (Transportation.., n.d.). References Transportation Security Administration. (n.d.). Permitted and Prohibited Items. Retrieved August 22, 2007 from http://www.tsa.gov/travelers/airtravel/prohibited/permitted-prohibited-items.shtm#0 U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (n.d.). Homeland Security. Retrieved August 22, 2007 from http://www.dhs.gov/index.shtm   

Dd101 Tma 01 Essays

Dd101 Tma 01 Essays Dd101 Tma 01 Paper Dd101 Tma 01 Paper I decided to observe my local High Street in Mansfield Woodhouse, for its the main shopping road in what is known as our village. On City Road there are numerous shops that cater for other ethnic members of the community, my local Hight Street doesnt as we have no such shops but we do have members of the community that would benefit from this service. We dont have as many takeaways on our street to choose from that is one big difference we see with City Road. But we do have similar things for example Colin the Newsagent (Making Social lives DVD, The Open University, 2009). We have lost 1 local newsagent due to a large supermarket moving into the area but one did serve this change. Some places last longer then others with the change in the age range of the community changing more so at the moment, as more and more young families move into the area. We have a few small family run businesses that have served over the yours changing hands for generations just like Colin the Newsagent (Making Social lives DVD, The Open University, 2009) and BR Motors (Making Social lives DVD, The Open University, 2009). My local Hight Street is classed as part of the local shopping centre, were we have a supermarket, a butchers, chemists, newsagents among other things. The main differences between City Road and my local Hight street is the volume of traffic by vehicles as unless they are going from one end to the other or following the road round to the main car-park most people walk, so even though the High Street is the main road in the village it is no where near as busy as City Road so we have fewer traffic lights and predestination crossing paths. We also dont have so many bollards on the footpaths. Our shops cater for a very different clientele to City Road as we have fewer call from other ethnic community members and our student population is none existent. So were as City Road has plenty of takeaways and restaurants my street has public houses where generations have socialised for years. Being an old mining town we are surrounded by that history as-well and still plays a active roll to some people in there day to day lives. The old market square is a poplar meeting place for the older generation during the day, where they will sit and rest while shopping and talk to friends and family, during the summer it is very popular so most of our benches and bollards are based in this area along with lots of flowers and at Christmas this is where the tree is placed. Even though not everyone knows each other there is still a sense of community as we are surrounded by the history of it, in our shop fronts and surrounding area. We have the same modern conveniences as City Road of course such as road markings, street lights etc, but there is a closer more of a family feel brought to there area because the area is mainly families who have lived in the area for generations and have played a active role in the up keep of the area and the up keep of it. The things I observed on City Road remind me of a busy city centre with all the bollards and benches and the traffic lights, where as my High Street is of a old mining village that even though the village is as big as a town now, the close area around the High Street still looks like a small village were people meet to chat and enjoy the nice area and history that is maintained here. All of our shops and social meeting areas and buildings can be accessed by everyone regardless to there mobility. Over all my High Street is mainly a community place to shop and see friends and family, wherever you want to go there is help and support to complete your task. Everything from the bollards to the street lights have been placed where they course the least of problems for people. Even though there is plenty for young people to access the general feel of the place is for the older people and the families from the area. From my observations of City Road on (Making Social lives DVD, The Open University, 2009) it is designed for the busy people to get what they want as fast as they can.

Free Essays on The Witches Children

In the summer of 1692, nineteen men and women were hanged after having been convicted of witchcraft. The hysteria began the previous winter and was over by early autumn of 1692. To pass the cold winter days of 1692, several girls began meeting at Rev. Parris’ home. Tituba, the Parris’ slave from Barbados, entertained the girls with her stories of witchcraft and demons. Tituba also told the girls’ fortunes. Soon, Rev. Parris’ daughter, Betty, and her cousin, Abigail Williams, became frightened by the stories and fortunes, and they began to act strangely. They had terrible fits, darting around the house, screaming and crying and writhing as if they were in pain. Rev. Parris called Salem Village’s doctor, Willam Griggs because he thought the girls’ behavior might be an illness. The doctor failed to find any medical cause for their fits, so he concluded that the girls must be bewitched. During that time period, most people believed one could make an agreement with the devil in exchange for evil powers. This was considered a great sin, and the girls didn’t speak out immediately. At the end of February, they began to accuse Tituba and other women in Salem Village of conspiring with the devil and practicing witchcraft. Other girls in the village, including Ann Putnam, Elizabeth Hubbard, Susannah Sheldon, and Mary Warren, began to have similar fits, and they joined in the accusations. Soon, many villagers were arrested and jailed on charges of witchcraft. Trials for the accused began in March. In order to receive a lesser sentence, some of the accused confessed their guilt and also spoke out against others. Because there were so many accused witches in jail, the governor set up a new court, the â€Å"court of oyer and terminer," specifically for the witchcraft cases. In the cases against the accused, â€Å"spectral evidence† (testimony that one was afflicted by someone’s specter, or ghost) was admitted, as wer... Free Essays on The Witches Children Free Essays on The Witches Children In the summer of 1692, nineteen men and women were hanged after having been convicted of witchcraft. The hysteria began the previous winter and was over by early autumn of 1692. To pass the cold winter days of 1692, several girls began meeting at Rev. Parris’ home. Tituba, the Parris’ slave from Barbados, entertained the girls with her stories of witchcraft and demons. Tituba also told the girls’ fortunes. Soon, Rev. Parris’ daughter, Betty, and her cousin, Abigail Williams, became frightened by the stories and fortunes, and they began to act strangely. They had terrible fits, darting around the house, screaming and crying and writhing as if they were in pain. Rev. Parris called Salem Village’s doctor, Willam Griggs because he thought the girls’ behavior might be an illness. The doctor failed to find any medical cause for their fits, so he concluded that the girls must be bewitched. During that time period, most people believed one could make an agreement with the devil in exchange for evil powers. This was considered a great sin, and the girls didn’t speak out immediately. At the end of February, they began to accuse Tituba and other women in Salem Village of conspiring with the devil and practicing witchcraft. Other girls in the village, including Ann Putnam, Elizabeth Hubbard, Susannah Sheldon, and Mary Warren, began to have similar fits, and they joined in the accusations. Soon, many villagers were arrested and jailed on charges of witchcraft. Trials for the accused began in March. In order to receive a lesser sentence, some of the accused confessed their guilt and also spoke out against others. Because there were so many accused witches in jail, the governor set up a new court, the â€Å"court of oyer and terminer," specifically for the witchcraft cases. In the cases against the accused, â€Å"spectral evidence† (testimony that one was afflicted by someone’s specter, or ghost) was admitted, as wer...

Feasibility study of Saints Construction expand to Germany 05162 Essay - 1

Feasibility study of Saints Construction expand to Germany 05162 - Essay Example It is anticipated by the company that the Belfast site would soon be closed down. The company has selected the U.S, Germany and China as potential nations for such expansion. The current paper analyses the potential sites and assess the various feasibility factors and human resources aspects associated with the chosen site. Strengths- Since the political and the legal environment existing in the U.S is well organized, the regulations established in respect of protecting the rights of workers are well implemented and requires to be strictly followed by organizations. The U.S HRM (human resource management) policies and labour markets are well organized. Wages are regulated to meet the purchasing power existing in the market. HRM policies established in most companies of the U.S takes into consideration aspects such as adequate power distance, frequent performance monitoring and strict industry guided payment measures. Decentralization and increased market expansion have led to the availability of greater job opportunities. Workers of the U.S are highly skilled and technologically efficient, making the same quite expensive as compared with other nations. Also the localization effect existing in the U.S is dominant. This means that firms who chose to expand into the U.S must radically incorporate the cond itions existing in the nation rather than following the parent nation regulations (Erickson, 1996). Weaknesses- Implementations of regulations in the labour markets are not effective in few of the economic sectors such as the construction and production industrial segments. Although the standards of living of the general workers have enhanced, unemployment still persists. From the social point of view the U.S faces the challenge of labour shortage. An ageing population is the main crux of the issue of lack of labour availability. Culturally, the mindset of the people is quite liberal, however a number of cases associated with

Othello's tragic Flaw Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Othello's tragic Flaw - Essay Example The jealousy he feels makes him insane, and he fails to look for solid reasons. It seems that it is Brabantio’s warning â€Å"Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see†¦She has deceived her father, and may thee† (Act I, Scene 3) that makes Iago realize the possibility of great revenge. As Othello says â€Å"My life upon her faith; Honest Iago† (Act I, Scene 3), Iago becomes almost certain about the outcome. It is very evident that even this declaration adds to the basic jealous nature of Othello. As Iago develops his plan, this jealousy grows deeper and deeper. Though Othello continuously goes on denying his growing jealousy, mere hints from the part of Iago make him say that â€Å"No Iago†¦I’ll see before I doubt†¦when I doubt, prove†¦and on the proof, there is no more but this, †¦away at once with love or jealousy† (Act III, Scene 3). At this point, jealousy overcomes him with such a force that he delves into a fit of ep ilepsy. Soon, one can see a conversion of his jealousy into anger as he says â€Å"Arise, black vengeance, from thy hollow cell! Yield up, O love, thy crown and hearted throne, to tyrannous hate!† Soon, he accuses Desdemona of infidelity. Though she denies it, his mind is unchangeable. As Emilia points out â€Å"But jealous souls will not be answered so; they are not ever jealous for the cause, But jealous for they are jealous: ‘tis a monster Begot upon itself, born on itself† (Act III, Scene 4). Soon, Othello decides to kill her saying â€Å"let her rot, and perish, and be damned to-night, for she shall not live: no, my heart is turned to stone† (Act IV, Scene 1). However, Emilia’s statement that Desdemona is honest makes Othello confused. He seems a man too confused to think rationally as he attempts to get any proof. Through Iago’s brainwashing, he seems more eager to find fault in Desdemona than to prove her innocence. Despite her repeate d question â€Å"what ignorant sin have I committed?† (Act IV, Scene 2), he goes on blaming her. Sooner, he kills Desdemona. The play reveals the power of jealousy. Iago is driven by Jealousy. In other words, it is jealously that makes Iago develop the plot to devastate Othello. Again, he uses the same element of jealousy in Othello to bring his idea into practice. It is this content of jealousy that makes Othello feel violated and betrayed. When one feels betrayed, there are two possible outcomes; either the person turns revengeful or the person becomes depressed. In the case of Othello, he has the power to implement what he wants to do. In addition, he is a man who believes in righteousness. So, as a warrior, he is not ready to given in. Instead, he decides to do justice in his own way. It seems that Shakespeare presents the tragic hero Othello with a number of personality defects, or, indeed as a representative of a common human being who is ruled by feelings of insecurity , jealousy, hate, and revenge. The entire play is driven by the fact that he shows blind faith in the loyalty of Iago who is the real villain. However, it is rather surprising to note that he fails to show the same level of blind faith in Desdemona. Here, it becomes evident that when it comes to the matter of Desdemona, he is influenced by other factors too. He is influenced by a number of feelings at the same time. The strongest ones are his love for Desdemona. However, as time passes, jealousy gains upper hand. Soon, it gets

Failure of Marriage in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Failure of Marriage in the United States - Essay Example Nowadays lots of U.S dwellers prefer not to give the marriage oaths, and lots of marriages break after few years of existence. The tendency exists that in the United States less people marry, and the marriages are broken more easily and quickly than they were fifty or even thirty years ago. This paper will research different aspects of this problem, including the roots of this phenomenon, and its consequences. Before researching the phenomenon of failure of marriage in the United States we should first define what marriage is. The 2004 Cultural Anthropology defines marriage as a "more or less stable union, usually between two people, who are likely, but not necessarily, to be co-resident, sexually involved with each other, and procreative with each other" while Michael A. Park, the author of Introducing Anthropology: An Integrated Approach states that marriage is "a set of cultural rules for bringing men and women together to create a family unit and for defining their behavior toward one another, their children, and society." In this paper the "Elmer" Social Science Dictionary definition of marriage will be used, which is a "socially approved and legally acknowledged emotional, sexual, and economic relationship between two or more individuals". To find out what turned wrong with marriage in the U.S, we should first define the reasons for which people actually get married. It's obvious for the contemporary people, who dwell in the United States that marriage should be voluntary. In this paper involuntary marriages are not envisaged. We can assume that there are some inner and outer factors that stimulate people to formalize their relationship, and to let the society know they are going to live, and, possibly, raise kids together. Let's first look on the inner determinants of marriage. Singer and Hopkins (1995) talk about the existence of the theory that states that the search for love is genetically programmed in human beings. In the contemporary society marriage is a legitimate mean to get this love, thus lots of people marry to be loved. The other theory developed by Lewis (1971) states that marriage is the consequence of Eros. This author defines Eros as "being in love". For him Eros is thinking about the person, accepting him/her the way he/she is, and being happy jus because this person exists on this planet. Lewis states that sexual desire is just a part of Eros, and that it is the logical consequence of the development of Eros. The author states that there are few couples who marry because of sexual desire, but millions of people make a match because they want to be near each other, and because they love each other. The 20th century was marked by the fact that it was the period when people began to consider love as one of the main reasons for getting married. Before that marriage and love were different notions. During some period of time in the European history love was even considered harmful for marriage. At those times people got married to survive, and to produce healthy breed, and love, which at that times was associated with the tempest of feeling numerous poets expressed in their opuses, wasn't the most suitable ground for those goals. Since the beginning of the 20th century, many philosophers, poets, and psychologists have been researching the nature of married love. Unfortunately, after people marry they sooner or later find out that their feelings towards

Electronic Health Records and Our Government Essay Example for Free

Electronic Health Records and Our Government Essay Electronic Health Records involvement in health care reform is at the main focus of lowering the cost to make care more affordable and improvement in the quality of care patients receive. The transition to electronic health records for the last couple years have been driven by offered incentives through the government. As the time pass by the popularity of electronic health record system increase more and more. EHR Systems involvement with government health care reforms in 2010 Financial incentives were aligned to encourage the adoption of EHR. To further support the transition to EHR funds were also provided to train health care professionals on how to us EHR in a meaningful manner. The incentives decline every year until 2015 when it will then be mandatory. After the deadline of 2015 not being in compliance will result in being penalized financially. In order to receive the incentives there are very specific guidelines and requirements that must be fulfilled. Some examples of requirements are EHR systems that record BMI (body mass index), patient demographics, as well as 40% of prescriptions must be submitted electronically. EHR Systems involvement with government health care reforms in 2011 The reporting year begins for eligible professions on January 1st. Medicare EMR incentive program registration began in January 3rd. In April Attestation began. In May Payments began. July 3rd was the last day for eligible hospitals to begin their 90 day reporting period to demonstrate meaningful use for the Medicare EMR incentive program. September 30th was the last day of reporting year ends for eligible hospitals. October 1st was the last day for eligible professionals to begin their 90 day reporting period for calendar year 2011. December 31st the reporting year ends for  eligible professions. Out of 57% of office based physicians that were using HER systems only 34% met the criteria to receive incentives. (CDC) EHR Systems involvement with government health care reforms in 2013 According to the CDC By this time fifty percent of doctors and eighty percent of hospitals were receiving incentives for using EHR meaningfully. Before the encouragement of transitioning to EHR by presi dent Obama only seventeen percent of physicians were using it. (U.S. Department of Health Human Services) It was predicted by the congressional budget office that â€Å"the federal government will be saving close to twelve billion by converting to electronic health records†.(U.S. Department of Health Human Services) WORKS CITED Hsiao, Chun-ju, and Esther Hing. Electronic Health Record Systems and Intent to Apply for Meaningful Use Incentives Among Office-based Physician Practices. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 07 Mar. 2012. Web. 11 Sept. 2014. HHS. News. Doctors and Hospitals Use of Health IT More than Doubles since 2012. U.S. Department of Health Humanservices, n.d. Web. 11 Sept. 2014. Pear, Robert. Standards Issued for Electronic Health Records. THE NEW YORK TIMES. NEW YORK TIMES COMPANY, 13 July 2010. Web.Schiling, Brian. Quality Matters. The Federal Government Has Put Billions into Promoting Electronic Health Record Use: How Is It Going? THE Comonwealth Fund, n.d. Web. 11 Sept. 2014. Feris, Nancy. Electronic Health Record Standards. Health Affairs. Project Hope, n.d. Web. 11 Sept. 2014.