IB Economics Commentary †Australia MPs Pass Carbon Tax Essay

The Australian presidential term will bring in one of the worlds biggest atomic number 6 emissions trading schemes after MPs passed two bills by senators that ar judge to vote into law in November.A carbon value is an environmental tax levied on the carbon content of fuels. A negative awayity of production occurs when the production of a good or service creates external lives that are damaging to third parties. This is mainly related to the environmental problems. embodiment 1. Negative Externality of Production for Carbon EmissionFigure 1 shows if the regimen activity is not intervening and the market place is determined by only supply and demand, known as free market, the marginal privy costs of the stiff are below the marginal tender cost because there is an extra cost to society caused by pollution. Pollution includes extend in fossil fuel burning, which would release CO2 into the atmosphere and the redness of carbon sinks.Also, it is said that CO2 emissions det riment oceans ability to absorb carbon. The self-coloured will only be concerned with its private costs and will produce at Q1. It is not producing at the socially efficient output, where the marginal social cost is equal to the marginal social benefit. This means that at a footing of p* from figure 1 would create Q*. The community surplus is not maximized due to the effects of pollution, since it is causation a negative consequence.One way disposal policies may tax re relinquish the problem is to tax the firm in order to cast up the firms private costs. The carbon tax aims to cut Australias emissions by 5% from year 2000 levels by the year 2020, and bring emissions down 80% by 2050. The tax requires the countrys 500 biggest polluters to pay A$23 per tonne for their carbon emissions.Figure 2 Taxing a Negative Externality of Production for Carbon EmissionFigure 2 shows when the government decided to tax that will help the economy, there is comfort a welfare lose, but it is le ss than under the free market with no government intervention. The pink color shading shows the welfare damage before the tax and the red color shading shows the welfare handout after taxing, which clearly shows it would prune the deadweight burden, but not eliminate it completely.It is suggested that government should counter the externality to increase welfare. In this case, stakeholders include firms, labors, and households. Firms are the increase cost, labors refer to the shareation of losing job and households refer to the price level that is rising. If government chose not to tax, the economy would nigh likely to run in a short term, since there is too much welfare loss. However, government chose to tax the negative externality of production, which the economy could run in long-term. The higher the government tax, the less welfare loss will result. Also, households will be equilibrize for rising prices due to the carbon tax.The government concluded with the plan to turn the economy into a tradable emission permits schemes. However, this is certainly not the best resource since it doesnt lead to the reduction of pollution once allowable restrain has been set and government might not have the data of the core level of pollution and it is very difficult to measure a firms pollution output.To conclude my evaluation, apply taxation added to the economy is the most suitable choice government should make. It is suggested in the article, however, not their final decision. Firms are the increase cost, labors refer to the consideration of losing job and households might consider rearranging the price level and firms should consider about increasing cost, which not a isthmus of people could afford. The other choices take time to plan and have to consider a lot of consequences. However, taxing is not easy as well. It could be difficult to measure accurately the pollution created, but it does help reduce the welfare loss, which already is improving.Peter Ho eller and Markku Walli, Autumn 1991, Energy Prices, Taxes and Carbon Dioxide Emissions online OECD stinting Studies No. 17. Available at Tom Marshall, February 3 2009, CO2 Emissions harm Oceans ability to absorb carbon online Natural milieu Research Council. Available at

The Executive Development Project Edp Education Essay

The Executive Development Project harmonizing to me is the stepping quaver of succeeder to my decision maker calling. The Proposal of the electronic data processing undertaking is the short version of the chief electronic data processing which leave al champion include the different trials and groundss that would province my Professional Development on a uninterrupted footing. The EDP non merely focuses on my calling instruction but in any case on self direction. It depart tending me to be cognizant of myself which would instigate me non merely to achieve my ends but besides testament assist me to acquit it away me myself. This result non merely assist me become professionally but besides personalizedly. The theories which motivated me arThe Seven Ha crisps Of Highly impelling People by CoveyParadigm Shift by Jarvis role and SOAR by KumarProsecuting in CPD by Megginson & A WhitakerBackground Thither are associate methods by which we were told to self assess ourse lves by our coachs which followed certain theories which entrust assist me in CPDStephen Covey- Seven Ha offices Of Highly Effective People ( 2004 ) Be Pro officious This states that one should be self determined and should have a bun in the oven the force recreate to command the environment around instead than other elan around. then one should be Pro Active. Analyzing MBA in the University of Bedfordshire has made me pro active particularly after the MBA Practice Week. This has increased my involvement in getting my MBA Degree with pricy classs.Get down with terminal in head ( Covey, 2004 ) states this as face-to-face Leadership wont which suggests that one should get down anything in his life holding a peculiar end. By fashioning so I go away be able to continue carefully in my future by taking proper stairss and do me capable voltaic pile to go through through the obstructions. This fits in me besides because at this site of clip I corroborate started my Master i n business with a end in head i.e. going a director in the incorporate universe.Put first things foremost ( Covey, 2004 ) , in the 3rd wont provinces that one should be organised adequate to be successful. He states this as Personal Management. This would assist me to bewilder things do on clip and non to be unplowed till the terminal.Think Win-Win This wont of Interpersonal leading pass on besides play an of aftermath function in my hereafter because it depends on co-operative work which in short is team work which I feel is actually of instant because of my calling end. I have already witnessed a spot of it in the MBA Practice Week.Seek foremost to understand and so to be understood I feel this as the most of import wont that Covey has germ because this manner of communicating is most efficient in the corporate universe. This would do me a costly hearer as before being an adviser. This will do me understand the job and do the best possible solution.Synergize This is dec lared as Creative Co-operation in Covey, 2004. It is real of import to hold co-operation in the topographic point of work. I feel that if as an person could synergize I could bring forth give consequences particularly in team undertakings.Sharpen the sawing machine This wont stated in ( Covey, 2004 ) is the self Renewal wont. It is traveling to be really utile for me because I will be developing myself on a regular footing by making so. The ego here refers to my religious, physical, metal, social/emotional parts in me.Jarvis ( 2002 ) -Paradigm Shift Focus It is of import that I focus in my calling every bit good as in my work topographic point. This will assist me happen upon my ends at the expected clip every bit good as will increase my ability to undertake the aims in send to farm to my ultimatum.Direction ( Jarvis, 2002 ) says that a job should be looked from different angles. This is the most indispensable grapheme I require in my day-to-day life every bit good as at m y hereafter work topographic point. If I look at the issues in several angles, I would acquire assorted solutions and it would assist me undertake it in a more elusive manner.Adaptability In simple words I have to accept the alteration the manner they come. I will hold to accept and accommodate consequently in order to do the best possible result. This is would do me ready for my hereafter to acquire adapted to my work topographic point to acquire the best come out of the closet of me.Healthy ego regard and ego cognition It is really of import that I follow the cognition I possess in order to subdue uncertainties about my ability in forepart of others. So it is really of import that I put my cognition into pattern efficaciously to avoid the hazard of uncertainness that could take to my ruin.Kumar ( 2008 ) -MAP, SOAR Map Motivation Kumar says that it is really of import to do a self appraisal of one ego. In my instance of ego appraisal I need to cognize how motivated I am to accomp lish my ends by larning through every face of life. Here motive refers to my involvement and my advancement towards my point of involvement. This will assist me at times of unexpected jobs to be brave plenty to acquire to my ends.Abilities To acquire to my ends I need to cognize how able I am. This will assist me to do myself cognize the most current and possible abilities that thunder mug do me accomplish my ends. This will besides do me develop the bing abilities in me which will pitch my success which would enrich my calling in the corporate universe.Personality This will do me place my gustatory sensation, manner, penchants when I kick the bucket with others. This is besides really of import because it is indispensable that I assess myself with consider to personality on a regular footing because it is an of import figure that will find my character.Therefore the utilizing MAP as a ego appraisal tool will non merely find my abilities but besides will hold an impact on each and every look of my developmental procedure with respects to both life and hereafterSoar Self awarenessOpportunitiesAspirationsConsequencesWith the aid of SOAR I will be able have an consciousness of my ain ego. By making so I will cognize my Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. This will enable me to disclose on my weak points and menaces in order to catch the approaching chances. Therefore SOAR analysis will do me self cognizant by assisting me accomplish my aspirations.Prosecuting in CPD Megginson & A Whitaker ( 2007 ) The lone manner I can develop myself professionally is by following the CPD rhythm given in ( Megginson & A Whitaker, 2007, pg 27 )Self AssessPlan/prioritiseMakeReappraisalOnce I follow this rhythm I will be able to cognize about how I proceed to a peculiar end. Then analyze my public institution once more and look into my mistakes and rectifying it in the hereafter. I will be able to measure out myself merely at a lower degree as compared t o my others measuring me. Here I have to takes in history the points mentioned by Megginson & A Whitaker 2007 ) but the last devil at a ulterior phase of my life.Work itselfContemplation by egoFeedback from othersIndividual Psychometric trialsOrganizational ProsodiesProfessional ProsodiesUsing this I will be able to supply grounds every bit good to my advancement with the CPD. This will assist me to supervise myself on a regular footing by which I will accomplish success both professionally and personally.Undertaking Time LineWeek Sem 1ActionResultWeek 1 make me well-known(prenominal) with the topics in the MBA every bit good the intensity the class has.The first measure to carry through my dream started.Week 2Becoming familiar to practical method of instruction.Got the thought of giving presentation and bettering my ability to hold on the chief points.Week 3Making a seminar report which was chiefly about the approaching talk session.Making things in progress. Making me to make a good research about the subject which was to be taught afterwards.Week 4First trial in the MBA planHad to hire the old cognition of accounting which came ready to handWeek 5Beginning of MBA Practice Week,First single presentation of life.Bettering squad accomplishment. Belbin s theory assisting me to place my function in a squad. Assurance constructing tour giving a presentation. Knowing what the subject is preciselyWeek 6Dragon s Den, Cultural workshopWhat all has to be done in order to get down a concern. How Culture shapes an personWeek 7 Houses Of Parliament LondonGot the opportunity to interact with the city influencer of Atlanta, US & A Week 8Submiting the first chief naming in the MBAHow precisely to border theory into pattern and the high affection of research that is to be undertaken.Week 9First Group date and PresentationHow to work efficaciously in a squad which is basically a group of friends.Week 10Submiting the Proposal for the EDPIs the stepping rock for the chief Undertaking.Evidences Evidence typeConsequencesHow will I utilize itSAQWhether I am in the impulsive place or nonTo better my public presentation in and to measure the alterations in me.MBTIWhich type of character am IKnow more about myself which will besides assist to better my public presentationMy HerosThe individual whom we aspire to go one like.I will follow their way in order to accomplish success. I will besides seek to instill the qualities within themBelbinResource Investigator, Coordinator, medical specialistTo hold more impact on these countries every bit good as to better the other countries.Ishikawa s FishboneTo place the universe family unit meBy bettering my nucleus values in order to go better and betterMy Development PlanMy Future Development PlansHow am I traveling to accomplish my ends in the hereafterCritical IncidentsHow they have affected meWhat I did? How has my life changed after that?Metaphorical HouseHow I manage my head, organic structure, spirit , emotionThis would do my growing on a personal footingJohariWhat I and people think about meDevelop on my failings and Reduce my menacesDecision The EDP Proposal has hence helped to a great terminus with regard the chief Undertaking. This Proposal through assorted trials and CPD has made me take apart my accomplishments and place my failings. The proposal besides focuses on four chief theories that will assist me develop professionally. The proposal has besides made me analyze the countries that I am missing, place my strength countries. The groundss that are provided by me besides points out the fact that where precisely I am. Therefore I would reason that the EDP is the major instrument through which I can analyse myself and develop myself both personally and professionally which would assist me accomplish my ends.Recommendations It is necessary that every person analyzes himself in order to cognize where he is placed. It is of import because he will come to cognize about the o f import facets of his personality. This will assist him to continue with his development stage which is neer stoping and development non merely in his professional life but in his overall personality. But when making the exercisings such as the SAQ s, MBTI and other psychometries it should be seen that the information provided is true or else there wo nt be any major usage of making the exercisings. too the diaries should be maintained on a regular footing.

Changing perspectives on Othello

Depending on cultural differences and elevation a text will score different impacts on the reference. interchangeable any great piece of literature, William Shakespeargonan acts deal with eraless concerns that have the ability to be adapted and presented to remain relevant for modern consultations. Shakespearean Othello Is a Jacobean play written In a time of racist attitudes towards foreigners and sexist attitudes to wo hands. This revenge tragedy follows the protagonist Othello, a dark army general who Is manipulated by his ensign Ago.For me the room that race and semblanceation is presented in entrant to the stereotypical portrayal high unfoundeds the prejudice apparent in not only the Jacobean society but our own as well. This is portrayed through and through Sagos racist depiction of Othello and the contend imagery of unappeasable and white. The play can besides be viewed as having a conceptive feminist substructure. The two heroines are portrayed as capable an d steadfast individuals. Both women are the only roughages that remain justified passim in their the true to their economises. My Interest In Othello Is drawn to the route that race and color is presented.Shakespeare was revolutionary in his casting of a low-spirited man to be the tragical hero and white man to be the villain. In Jacobean society and even In many societies toddy, the audience would of expected to mind a black man as the felon. The setting In Cyprus Is dramatically significant as it is isolated in the wild frontiers of war. Away from the incorporate society of Venice social norms and hierarchy are not relevant allowing Shakespeare to moorage a Moor in a position of authority. This daring theme of a black man in power has remained controversial incessantly since and it wasnt until 1833 that a black man actually played the part.The issue of interracial race relationships was specially an issue in segregated America up until the twentieth century with Othel lo being played with blackjack till 1940. The abnormal war setting also enables Sagos passion to be unmasked, unregulated by the usual constraints of society. In the exposition our first Impression of this revolutionary character Is from Ago when he disrespectfully describes Othello as the devil, Glenn the Impression of a beastly, barbaric man. This Is quickly contradicted when the audience Is presented with the confident and calm Othello who is clearly value by his peers and is able to speak with grace.Othello is holdn as far more honorable than black, challenging the prejudice of the audience by demonstrating the opposite to what they expect. On the other hand Ago is a hellish villain limning the stereotypical qualities that a Jacobean audience would expect from a black man. Shakespeare creates dramatic effect and reinforces the audiences perceptions of evil being dark through the opposing imagery of black verses white. Lags evil work is performed In the duologues with Othell o, which always fare at night. It is In this darkness that Othello Jealousy Is stirred and he Is interpreted away from the pure and white Desman.Ago Is using Adhesions goodness, which Is portrayed as light, to be the evil and darkness that destroys them all. Unmasking himself In a soliloquy I turn her virtue into pitch, That shall enmesh them all. This reinforces the continuing theme of light opposing dark. Lags inherent racism takes its toll on Othello and gradually he acts according to this stereotype. As the play reaches the catastrophe the noble language of Othello reverts to that of the imprecate Ago. Othello becomes like his enemy, a destructive avenger. Evil has won but has to triumphed as Othello finally recognizes Lags black heart, l Emend that deem- devil why he has thus ensnared my soul. The struggle between light and dark, despite the tragic catastrophe, resolves and light prevails. A common feminist valuation of the play focuses on how the play portrays the strength o f women. In the dominant patriarchy of Jacobean culture women were not free to make their own decisions. Desman is portrayed as a strong heroine with an uncommon verbal dexterity, not normally portrayed in Jacobean plays. She asserts her independence and challenges the patriarchy by scandalously eloping withOthello. Her father annulment is quick to pass Judgment and disown his daughter as numb(p)? Ay to me even before he has even seen her. A Jacobean audience would have to a lower placestood the fathers treatment of his daughter whereas viewers today would see this as an inherently sexist act. Ago presents the misogynistic view that a Jacobean audience would relate to, believing that a women is only meant to enhance a mans image and bring children into the would. she that was ever fair, and never proud Had tongue at will, and yet never loud Though Sagos beliefs are extreme they plant societys expectation of the role of omen in contrast to the actions of the strong women in the play. The strength of these women can be seen through the solidity of both wives loyalty to their husbands. In the two womens duologue they talk of adultery l would not do such a thing But for the whole founding. The only reason that they would sleep with another man would be if they were granted the world so that their husbands could rule it. Adhesions strength also amplified by the way that the play is structured.Her purity and character is Juxtaposed against how easily Othello fell under Lags malignant manipulation. She remains faithful to Othello till her last breath, not blaming her husband for her murder but l myself. Even though Emilie holds a really cynical view of how men portray her, most likely from her develop with Ago, they are all but stomachs and we all but food. She also remains loyal to her husband stealing the handkerchief but to enrapture his fantasy. Although both women are murdered and the masculine power is restored the misogynistic men do not triumph. It is only the women who remain Justified.In conclusion there are as many views of Othello as there are responders. For me the play highlights the way that a black man is portrayed in society throughout the ages. I see this through setting, dramatic structure and the opposing imagery of light verses dark. Another common interpretation of the play is the way that the play presents women. Shakespeare creates strong, individual women who are loyal and stable throughout. Their strength is emphasized through Juxtaposition and metaphor. Like would have been revolutionary for a Jacobean audience but sadly they are still relevant today in a world still fighting for social Justice.

Chinese Starbucks Essay

Starbucks has found success in the USA because of marketing towards 20-40 course of instruction older men and women who argon concerned with social welfare so creating the coffee house atmosphere-Heather Karr Employee of Starbucks in Madison, WI. The coffee house in the US includes college students studying, young professionals having casual meetings, Soccer Moms grabbing a cup of Joe after drop the kids off at school, etc. All-in-all Starbucks is selling not coffee on the nose the idea of a coffee break, a time during the solar day that one can sit back, relax, and forget somewhat the daily grind.Starbucks had to make do this as part of their main success and research chinawares socialisation to see this same possibility existed for them there. Luckily they found that it did. cod to chinawares communistic presidency implementing a One small fry Law the same age demographic surprisingly existed 20-40 year old men and women who want a place to interact and take a break from their lives. The Family Planning Law in China was implemented to check over the growing population in China, has many exceptions, and began in 1978 (enforced in 1979). nurture around this law in a history class previously, I never considered it in a marketing aspect. These individuals have grown up as single children and may have a sense of entitlement. They are well educated as the US media is always reporting on their countries amazing international grade reports. So, this group of Little Emperors are to a greater extent aware of western culture than generations previous and Starbucks had to of discovered that they could give these hoi polloi a taste of the western world. Lastly, Starbucks had to consider Chinas tea leaf consumption before expanding.While the US uniforms their coffee, China prefers tea in their social events. How could Starbucks take their signature product of coffee and still be successful? They had to sell the coffee house experience and thats exactly what they did. 2. discourse the key political and court-ordered factors Starbucks had to consider in the Chinese marketplace. What are the risks of entering a country with these factors? What changes have occurred in Chinas polit- ical and legal structure to the advantage of foreign companies? The standout political/legal factor for Starbucks expanding into China is Communism.Starbucks company originated in a democratic individualistic country where it became successful. Expanding into China requires a lot of research into not scantily foreign laws but a very strict and controlling government that frowns on western practices. In 1999 when Starbucks began its expansion they did it with joint ventures meaning they certify the right for Chinese citizens to sell Starbucks coffee and use their logo. Joint ventures and absolutism are risky ideas and Starbucks could have easily failed.They made their risk marginal by only receiving royalty fees for the license to use their logo. Ch ina became a member of the World Trade Organization in 2001 thus enterprisingness the ability for American companies to freely participate in their market. Starbucks took this opportunity purchase out is partners and take control over the 60 stores in public in 2006. From 1999-2006, Starbucks had plenty of time to learn about Chinese culture and educate themselves in Chinese business that allowed them to feel confident about expanding in the future.3. What demographic factors were important for Starbucks to understand in China? What were the demographics they contumacious to target? As I stated in my answer to incredulity one, Starbucks had to understand their own target demographic in the successful US market and see if they could replicate that in China. Luckily for them it did. Political factors like the One Child Law gave way to a culture angle among previous generations that allowed for the 20-40 year old demographic to thrive.These citizens are independent, educated, and desire to socialize amongst their peers with no where to feel at home in. Starbucks, by tweeking their menu somewhat and adding more dining space than other shops in other countries, altered to these Chuppy demands and found success. 4. What was the initial global-market strategy Starbucks employed to enter China? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages to this early strategy. How has their strategy changed since then and why? Initially Starbucks implemented a joint venture strategy.Meaning, they licensed their company for use in China believing that Chinese business individuals could have a better play at success than they could. They also took that opportunity to learn and educate themselves about Chinese culture and business all the while receiving royalties for the licenses. This was a stripped-down risk for them as China was not a country that allowed a global market place to exist until its membership in the WTO in 2001. Their membership created an opportunity for Starbuc ks to take control of its licenses and eventually to expand but into the country.

Nordstrom vs. Macy’s

Nordstroms vs. Macys Future Challenges Historically speaking, Canada has neer been a great grocery for American retailers. The Canadian dollar was weak, be were higher, and with limited real landed estate development, it was difficult to find space. Not any much, at one time the door to Canada is opening wider than ever thanks to a stronger Canadian dollar, a relatively robust economy, and a loosening of the commercial real estate market, in part beca implement of the downsizing of some longtime retailers like Sears Canada.For American retailers, Canadas allure is simple gross revenue per square foot at Canadian malls were al nigh 50 percent higher in 2011 than sales per square foot at American malls. This is a budding market that Nordstrom will need to act towards if they hope to keep up with the contestation in the future. Important Decisions Nordstroms has made numerous very of the essence(predicate) decisions in the past that have shaped them into the company they are tod ay. The root and virtually important came in 1901 when founder John W.Nordstrom decided to use the money he had left from the gold rush to open a shoe store in Seattle with Carl Wallin, called Wallin & Nordstrom. The conterminous big decision came in 1966 when it was decided that the Nordstroms shoe store in Portland would begin selling uniform as well. This marked a pivotal change in committee for Nordstroms. After the winner of the Portland store, it was decided to implement the idea in the another(prenominal) stores. In the 1980s Nordstroms experienced a boom. This was due to many factors but one of the most prevalent was their amazing use of guest support.Over almost anyone else Nordstroms prides itself on having some of, if not the best, customer support. This is helped by them recruiting managers from the ranks of salespeople thereby encouraging their employees to work harder while maintaining high moral. Nordstrom, along with the retail industry, sources products from around the world, and this means they encounter a wide range of orbicular challenges. Many of these challenges much(prenominal) as forced labor and health and natural rubber issuesare cause for very real concern for all retailers. To savoir-faire these concerns, Nordstrom created the Nordstrom Social Responsibility team in 1994.This team works well with their Nordstrom Product Group (NPG) manufacturers and vendors to ensure that Nordstrom-label products are made in compliance with all applicable laws and ethical labor practices. Past Challenges Single-digit growth became the norm for Nordstrom through and throughout the early and mid-mid-nineties. Sales grew sluggish thanks in heroic part to fluctuations in demand for womens apparel and the severe recession in southern California, where more than half of the companys total store square footage was rigid in the early years of the decade. The double-digit growth of the 1980s was gone.The sales increases of the 1990s were large ly attributable to new store openings. By 2003 after some(prenominal) changes in management Nordstrom appeared to have regained its lost luster through salute containment, technology initiatives, and a refocusing on its niche luxury goods at affordable prices. Some analysts considered technology to be the key component, particularly a new state-of-the-art merchandising system, which began to be rolled out in 2002. The system could track sales minute by minute throughout its stores, enabling Nordstrom to reduce markdowns and transgress target its offerings to customers.On the merchandise side, the retailer began introducing edgier way offerings in a department called via C, in an attempt to leverage its mall customer base, which was younger and had a wider age range than its main competitors, Neiman-Marcus Co. and Saks Incorporated. Nordstrom enjoyed its most profitable year ever in 2003. Nordstroms continued credit on aggressive sales tactics came around to bite them in previ ous(a) 1980s. The employees union (which was later decertified) complained about the pressure on employees to sell.In late 1989 a group of unionized employees charged that they were not being stipendiary for performing extra services to customers. In February 1990, after a three-month investigation, the chapiter State Department of Labor & Industries alleged that the company had systematically violate state laws by failing to even up employees for a variety of duties, such as delivering merchandise and doing inventory work. The agency ordered Nordstrom to change its allowance and record-keeping procedures, and to pay back wages to some of Nordstroms 30,000 employees.Soon after, the firm created a $15 million reserve to pay back-wage claims. The company, however, remained a target of class-action lawsuits on these matters, which were in the end settled out of court in early 1993 when Nordstrom agreed to pay a set percentage of compensation to employees who worked at Nordstrom f rom 1987 to 1990. The settlement personify the company between $20 million and $30 million. Specific belligerent Advantages One specific competitive utility Macys holds over Nordstroms is its target demographic. magic spell Nordstroms focuses generally on career moms between the ages of 35 and 50, Macys recently launched Millennial strategy states that its merchandise areas primarily serve ages 19-30. The millennial generation (ages 13-30) is now Americas largest and most diverse generation, spending an estimated $65 billion each year for the compositors case of merchandise sold at Macys. A much larger demographic gives Macys a competitive advantage. On the other hand, Nordstroms has a distinct advantage over Macys when it comes to customer loyalty and social-oriented traffic.Macys and Nordstroms have been largely based in malls for decades, but recently, malls have become less popular in the coupled States. As a result, both companies have been forced to open free-standing s tores in scattered locations in a community. Since Nordstroms has a slightly older demographic with more buying power and need for social status through brands, loyal customers of Nordstroms will be more willing to travel to divulge there. Macys, who targets a younger demographic, has less loyal customers with buying power and relies more on impulse buyers and young mall-goers looking to spend a forgetful extra money.Comparative Statistics In 2011, Macys boasted $26. 4 billion in net sales. That go in has grown steady since the economic crash of 2008. Nordstroms showed $10. 8 billion in net sales in the same year. Again, this figure has grown steadily since the economic downturn. Macys has a whopping 171,000 employees. Nordstroms has only 52,430 employees as of 2011. With Macys being a much larger chain, this difference is to be expected. Macys ope rank 400 stores in 33 states as of the year ended 2012. Currently, Nordstroms operates 109 stores in 28 states.In May of 2007, Macys reached its acme of prosperity in terms of market shares value and profitability. Its common mental strain price was valued at 45. 05 and business was looking up. Surprisingly, by October of the next year, the air price had plummeted as low as 7. 42 as the company struggled to stay afloat and fight through the crippling recession. Today, the stock has recovered to 41. 71, and is predicted to continue its growth. Nordstroms, however, has shown more resilience through the recession. While it windlessness fell from 55. 1 to 11. 37 in 2008, it has shot up to rates above its previous record. With the stock price as high as 57. 2 in the past year, Nordstrom shows a stronger trend of increase than Macys. drumhead We recommend investing in Nordstrom over Macys. With Nordstroms forecasted growth and success in Canadian markets, we expect Nordstrom to grow consistently for years to come. While Macys size and net income are attractive, we feel that Nordstrom has a better management struct ure and potential for growth in coming years.

Psychoanalytic, Jungian and Individual Psychology Theories Essay

The advocate roadmap for this scholarly person essenti on the wholey begins on an angle, with a offspring of major theories of degree. coating to of the major focus theories the prentice result study, in this course, include absolute psychoanalysis, individual psychology, analytical hypothesis, person-centered therapy, rational emotive behavior therapy, goential therapy, solvent focused therapy, behavior therapy, gestalt therapy, cognitive therapy, reality therapy, interpersonal approaches to psychotherapy, feminist therapy, and family systems therapy.The prentice believes that there willing be periods of time with clients, in which wizard opening will work more effectively than another, or plain where discriminating combinations of two or more theories are most appropriate used. Because of quantify like these, the learner supposes, it is imperative she be well-versed in the foundational elements of a number of major focal point theories, in order to provide the g reatest service to her future clients, regardless of if she finds herself currently aligned with only one or two of said theories.So, whether you turn out to be an eclectic or a single-theory proponent, knowing the major approaches to rede and psychotherapy is essential. Even eclectics subscribe to know the approaches from which they borrow. (Murdock 2009) According to Maddi (1996), theories are meant to foster understanding of something hitherto not understood (Murdock 2009). The learner is also of the opinion that counseling theories should elucidate and even forecast, to some degree, the clients behavior in hopes of contributing to the therapeutical end.The learner accepts as true that utilizing one or more know counseling theories makes the forecast unambiguous and more open to assessment. The clients hopes, goals, perceptions, actions, personality, individuality, creative opinion/s about oneself and his or her problems and attitudes towards treatment will contribute great ly to the theory or theories used. In order to employ the clients theory of change and to effectively guide the prime(a) of technique or integration of various therapy models best, the learner must be cognizant of the clients uniquely personal presentation, in supposititious terms.The client is actually the single, most potent contributor to outcome in psychotherapy through the resources they bring into the therapy room and what influences their lives outside it. (Andrews 2007) One of the primary(a) reasons clients theoretically attend and seek out counseling is to reach a therapeutic goal, tangible result, or change that they were unable to accomplish on their own. All of these theories attempt to explain the process of helping clients change they all offer some sort of prescription for what one person, the therapist, ignore do to help the other person, the client, who has sought assistance. (Murdock 2009)As the learner finds the connection amid learning theory and its appl ication in professional utilisation, with regards to client therapy, theory must in time, take on a real pitying experience, a life of its own, so to speak. Counseling theory and professional practice should work for her as ideally complimentary partners, changing, growing and adapting, as needed, and oer time. The learner recognizes the benefit and reality that one or more of the counseling theories she adopts will likely be amended or change at least once during her profession career.As her client base grows and changes and as she personally and professionally develops, so will her theoretical models, structures, assumptions and predictions. Theory should be applied in a critical way, with the recognition that other approaches exist (and are apparently valid, too) and that theories contain biases that can be dangerous to clients. Also, starting with one good theory does not mean you will remain with that theory forever. (Murdock 2009)For any counseling theory to be effectivel y applied, the learner believes, a positive alliance with ones client is foundationally vital. In order to effectively utilize studied counseling theories and apply one or more of them successfully, the client must be on-board. We now consider our clients worldview, their map of the territory, as the determining theory for therapy (Duncan et al. , 1992), directing both the finis desired and the routes of restoration, and all but ensuring the experience of a positive alliance. (Duncan, Miller, Sparks 2007)The learner understands that an open and meaningful association with her clients is so essential for any counseling theory or theories she adopts to be effectively utilized, in professional counseling treatment. The learner is obliged, as a future counselor, to form a close and sincerely, authentic connection with her clients, through various measures such as mobile listening, evoking empathy, compassion, and conveying an almost absolute sense of acceptance of her clients These m easures are in essence crucial in creating a positive alliance with her clients.In summary, the learner has determined she must study quite a some major counseling theories to create her foundational map from which to work from. The learner will begin the application of the fundamentals of one or more of these theories and superlatively navigate her way on the roadmap towards a degree of diminished psychological symptoms in her future clients. Good psychotherapy results in increased self-understanding and, ultimately, can produce changes in lives that increase happiness.

Target Case Study

Case Study place Adriana Gonzalez Principles of Marketing program line of the Problem(s) In this particular case, in that respect is one major dilemma and all in all other problems seemed to have risen from this one. For the past(a) few years there has been a recession globally. In the year 2008, the recession was at its aggrandisement and all industries suffer tremendously. For many years calculate grew at a much faster pace than Wal-Mart, besides the saving made a radical turn affecting everyone. hindquarters rapidly started to experience down in the mouth gross revenue as the time pass.As a result, the most important shareholder, William Ackman, demanded a rapid and effective schema to bring places gross sales up once again (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). Summary of the Facts * maneuver is known for its products in style and fashion. * Numerous designer product lines. * Customers view Target as a retail store with higher prices * Targets customers went for the commence prices at its competitors retail store * Wal-Mart changed is mission asseveration to Save money. expire better. it mimics Targets mission literary argument (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). While Targets work out of higher quality products remained, Wal-Mart use rollbacks to attract customers. * Target started to woo customers with value messages and big signs promoting sale products (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). Targets mission statement has been, Expect More. Pay Less. After the recession the union cerebrate on the Pay Less part of their slogan. At the middle of the year 2008, Target had experienced three quarters of same-store sales growth (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). Customers did not resolve as rapidly as the companionship hoped.They seemed to be more interest in low prices than quality. Wal-Mart took over Targets customers during the recession. Analysis The CEO, Gregg Steinhafel, came up with a strategy to help the business. Using the same mission statement, they focused o n the Pay Less part of it. On the other hand, Wal-Marts new(a) mission statement seemed to fit perfectly with customers during this difficult economy crisis. Targets competitor closed its quarterly sale-store sales with an extend of five percent during 2008, while Target had no increases (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012).After months of urging the new strategy the community finally got results. New advert help the company move forward in the industry. Target launched a new discoloration named up & up, which was a thirty percent lower than comparable pit names. The company also decided to introduce fresh foods that were not as expensive as its competitors. Targets stock went up cardinal percent since 2010, when they introduced fresh foods (Young, 2012). Now customers could to all their hauntping at Target without hesitating to make another stop at the grocery store.For the past five years Target and Wal-Mart have been the strongest competitors in the retail industry. Target suffered the first couple of years, but has climbed up to its competitors level. The company was in critical condition when the most important shareholder, William Ackman, demanded effective results. Ackman stated, It should be a business that does well, even in tough economic multiplication (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). After Ackmans statement the CEO, Steinhafel, sharpened its strategy by advertising new television commercials with catchy music.Promoting new ads and adding a Target trademark helped Target to raise its sales to five percent with profits of 54 percent increase (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). Meanwhile, Wal-Mart focused on low price strategy to save people money. Target on the other hand commits to a higher marketing expenditure and considers its customers guests (Wal-Mart and Target, 2011). After all, many customers continue to shop at Target because of its higher quality products. Recommendations Target is not the entirely business that was harmed due to the recession. On the contrary, it was one of the businesses that survived those tough years.There were losses in the company, not just financially, it also lost many customers. There were apparently changes that needed to be made quickly and intelligently. The CEO, Steinhafel, made a novel decision when it came to emphasizing differently the current slogan. Customers might have had a different perspective of the store and its products. They may not recognize Target as a high quality and fashionable retail store, but as a retail store that lost its faith in its mission statement. Expect More, is the most important part of the mission statement because customers expect more when they shop at Target.Targets customers still had that image of better quality but now at lower prices. When it comes to forward motion and advertising, the company could have done more on this portion. As the company started to advertise more television commercials and weekly newspaper circulars, the customers soon responded to them. Customers wish the idea of ads showing ordinary people consuming Targets products (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). After eighteen long months of pushing forward the strategy Target finally got results. Customers would have responded positively if these promotions were at their reach months earlier.The companys number one priority needs to be our customers demands, wants, and needs. Targets strategies need to focus around our customers in order to maintain sales and profits. The shortages of concentration on promotion lead to a longer crisis for Target. By researching our customers wants and needs the company can accomplish greater profits. The company cannot define aside the importance of marketing process and marketing mix. Managers have to strike everyone in the organization to help built customer relationships. Targets success lies on strong customer-focused and heavily committed to marketing.References Armstrong, G. , & Kotler, P. (2012). Principles of Marketing (pp. 94-95). hurrying Saddle River, New Jersey Prentice Hall. Wal-Mart and Target Strategic Differences. (2011). Retrieved February 19, 2013, from http//www. ftsmodules. com/ commonplace/texts/valuationtutor/VTehn3/tonic8/tonic8htm. Young, A. (2012 August, 23). Target Vs. Wal-Mart Target Wins on Pricing, Barely, And Probably Not for Long. Retrieved February 19, 2013, from http//ibtimes. com/target_vs_wal-mart_target_wins_prining_barely_and_probably_not_long_htm.

Using Simulation to Educate the Healthcare Professional

Using exc phthisis to take the Healthc ar Professional The purpose to the name was to give an overview of types, implementations and resources for human good example in breast feeding education. Gaba (2004) has defined theoretical account as a technique, not a technology, to replace or amplify real acknowledges with channelize experiences (as sited in Galloway, 2009). Aldrich (2005 ) stated the objective in creating any wile experience is achieving faithfulness, i. e. , a close replication of the real-life, human situation (as cited in Galloway, 2009).The fidelity created the environment for acquisition, when fidelity is high there is a greater voltage for learning. There are six types of simulations role-playing, standardized patients, partial task trainers, colonial task, integrated simulators or human patient stimulators, and full mission simulation (Galloway, 2009). The author poseed how the use of simulation for learning was not limited to nursing students and that regardless of the limited numbers for studies, the results for simulation have been positive in many areas of high-risk training. The evidence base for the use of simulation in patient care is limited (Galloway, 2009).The sky is the limit in toll of how much it provide cost to incorporate simulation into health victor education (Galloway, 2009). The technology for educators is rapidly changing and they need to be foreclose up a task many educators are unable and indisposed to do (Galloway, 2009). Kyle and Murray (2008) , authors of Clinical Simulation Operations, Engineering and Management , offer tools to friend educators determine what fits best for their specific learning objectives and settings (as cited in Galloway, 2009). The patient is swear the health care professional to preventatively and skillfully care for them.Simulation techniques need to be implemented today and improved for tomorrow (Galloway, 2009) Quote Simulation enables healthcare professionals to hone the clinical skills that are needed to provide safe care without harming patients as they develop these skills (Galloway, 2009). Paraphrase In healthcare, simulation will facilitate professionals as they fine-tune their skills to improve patient safety without pose them at risk. Evaluation Commander Susan Galloway is a doctoral student at the render Services University of Health Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland. Her MSN concentration was nursing education.She deeds currently as the Chief of Health Professions Education for the Joint trade union movement Force National Capital Region. She has worked with Washington Hospital Center and Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences to improve education with simulation. Commander Galloway is currently workings on research foc apply on the human factors related to the transpose of skill acquisition from simulation sites to the real world (Galloway, 2009). Her background in the integration of simulation and her current research focu s makes her qualified in the area of simulation in healthcare education.The article was published in May 2009 in The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Some technological changes whitethorn have occurred since the paper was published, but the simulation types and educational approaches are the same. The article was written to educators in all health professions. The author wanted to show educators from the OR setting to the nursing student, the importance of using simulated learning tools to increase skill competency. She in any case showed how simulations could improve interdisciplinary teamwork, one of the core competences. The objective data in the paper was distinguished by the use of quantitative data.The author uses the limited research data from other palm using simulation to assume that the benefits will transfer to the healthcare setting. She also used two specific rescue studies that were done on simulation. intrinsic information was confined to the conclusion. There are twenty-three references listed, the majority of them are from 2009 and 2008. This was the most up-to- fitting information she could have used for the paper. The older references were used to show how implementations is a slow process with many components. The information is up to now useful for future reading.This article was found using the MSU database search engine with the key words simulation nursing education and a date range limited to 2006-2010. I chose this article because it not only addresses simulation for nursing students but also for nurses of all levels in all areas including interdisciplinary settings. This article a good resource because it is American Nurse connecter peer reviewed. References Galloway, S. J. (2009) Simulation techniques to bridge the gap between novice and suitable healthcare professionals. OJIN The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing,Vol. 14, No. 2, Manuscript 3. doi10. 3912/OJIN. Vol14No02Man03

Implementation of an Information System for a Financial Institution

INTRODUCTION Background Ribeiro and David (2001) state that cultivation engineering science over the age has had a number of signifi croupt impact on organizations. Such impacts argon It has created opportunities for competitive advantages amongst competitors in any industry It has modifyd the relationship quick among lymph nodes and organizations It has helped with the tuition of stark naked products as tumesce as service It has tout ensemble in allowed organizations to perform tasks which would adjudge remained impossible without the use of a learning surgerying body t harmonisek. It has trim back the total cost incurred in transaction kneading for slangs and separate fiscal institutions. History of the I. T fill inr Having applied for the post of the I. T organizations manager, listed infra argon my qualifications and teaching about my past puddle become A masters degree in Information organizations with technical background knowledge in Windows Se rver and Desktop technology Professional qualifications in cisco and MCSE with an understanding of whatsoever emcee grade applications including IIS, Apache, Sh argonPoint, DNS, SQL and Foundst unity Reasonable knowledge of braggart(a) enterprise LAN/WAN environments 8 years experience in project management, leadership and organisational skills 7 years IT managerial experience in another(prenominal) monetary institutions 5 years experience with client technologies 4 years working experience developing telling IT for financial institutions History of Progress till Progress bank was schematic in 1999 and up till now does not acquire any I. T de purposement in place. Their node base is relatively small as well as the number of staff.Recently, it mergered with another bank in a bid to make it stronger and this has led to increased operational activities, increased customer base and more staff and a finis to stick in and employ an effective I. T department for the bank . The board decided to set up the department in raise to ease their work, to allow free race of colloquy between the variant departments, to hasten decision make abutes, to improve the turn-around time in their daily operational activities. The board members of the bank compulsion the I. T manager to authorship directly to the Head of Operations of the bank. rough 10 12 reading technology specialists would be required to work with him in the new department and the roles and responsibilities ar to develop, maintain and foul the banks thorny currency and mercenary product management governances, to reconcile ciphers, to manage the cash systems and find disbursement of funds. Some recruitment consultants were consulted to help out with the recruitment of permit dirty dogdidates and so far, 8 plurality have been recruited to work with the I. T manager. These citizenry acknowledge interlocking technicians, network assistants, and network engineers.Responsibilitie s of the I. T manager The major(ip)(ip) tasks and responsibilities of the I. T manager have been identified to be 1. Development of an selective information system for the bank. 2. Coordination, monitoring and supervision of the shoping staff for the ontogeny, traffic patterning, coding, maintaining and modifying application broadcasts for a limited atomic number 18a and small number of projects. 3. Extensively working with the handicraft units of the bank in support of their tune processes, electronic business intercourse and similarly transactional needs. . The provision of analytical support for applications-related activities including customer experience, marketing, technology, human imagery and to a fault the operations department. 5. Leading the deployment of advanced information technology solutions relating to commercial product needs. 6. Recommendation and suggestion of strategies as well as computer hardw ar and software enhancements to increase employee pro ductivities. 7. Administering, recommending and implementing compounds to policies that affect the employees of the several(a) departments. 8.Making the flow of information within the organization easier and faster through the development of the intranet. 9. Making communication a two- way thing i. e. vertical and horizontal. 10. Developing a customer informationbase for the bank. 11. Selecting, developing and evaluating personnel to ensure the efficient and effective operation of delegate functions. 12. Ensuring that the project budget, schedules and instruction execution requirements are completely met. 13. Regular interaction with customers and virtually peer group managers. 14. Ensuring that the organization operates fully in accordance with the established procedures and practices.How to measure the implementation success The success of the implementation of an information system can be measured by taking origin of the pursual i. User satisfaction with the system or with the outcomes of victimization the system. ii. Favorable attitudes on the part of the drug users towards the system. iii. The overall payoff to the organization. iv. The extent to which the system accomplishes the organizational objectives. Limitations The major limitation to be considered is the cost. It would be costly for the organization to fully introduce and to implement an effective information system.A major factor out to be considered is the need for formulation and development of the existing members of staff of the organization. Training and development sessions, on-the-job training, meetings and discussions need to be arranged for the members of staff in a way that it would not interfere with the day-to-day operational activities. The whole process of change may be a cumber whatsoever one for the employees because they would have to enthrall the information and entropy from the various departments from blames which were their major form of transshipment center to the computers. INFORMATION SYSTEMThis refers to the interaction between people, processes, information and technology. It refers to the way people interact with technology to support the business processes. Information systems are unalike from the information and communication technology (ICT) and also from business processes although it has an ICT component and it also helps to reserve the performance of the business processes (Zhu and Meredith, 1995). An information system can be defined as a work system involving activities that are incumbent for the processing (capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating and displaying) information (Wang and Strong, 1996).An information system can be considered as a semi-formal language that supports decision making as well as actions. Components of Information System thither are diverse components of the information system and they include i. I. T comprising of the hardware and the software. ii. information/ Information. iii. Procedures/Policies. iv. People. v. Purpose and vi. conference Networks. Hardware Standards There are distinct standards of computer hardware, the hardware consists of the things that can be seen. The standards entrust be reviewed and revised occasionally based on the emerging desktop technologies and development in software (Avgerou, 2001).It is recognized that in the bank, the ability to share vital information easily and quickly is precise principal(prenominal). Apart from the quick sharing of information, the software environment is also important especially those apply for word processing, databases for the customers, spreadsheets, network browsing and electronic mail. Therefore, the development of a wide calculate infrastructure which is based on unspoiled hardware and software standards will improve the day-to-day operational activities and interactivity between the various departments of the bank.The standards would also help facilitate the quick exchange of inf ormation as well as important documents two within and out-of-door the bank. According to Stair and Reynolds, the hardware standards are based on the perplex technology that is available in addition to the present needs of the bank which then applies to two the windows and the mackintosh platforms. However, for each hardware configuration, some considerations have to be made which include i. roaring connectivity to the banks network. ii. Easy connectivity to the outer systems and other organizations. iii. The in-house experience with the chosen product and the configuration. v. The maximum item which the machine can effectively function. v. The presence of service provided by external hardware repairers. Different references of computers can be getd entirely regardless of the symbol purchased, the minimum configuration should be i. Intel core 2 Duo processor. ii. 2 G RAM because well be using windows Vista. iii. 60 GB hard disk. iv. CD ROM/DVD drive. v. Network connectio n. vi. 3 years warranty. Because of the spirit of the tasks performed by the bank, in that location will be a need to register data, so a DVD+R drive is recommended. Recommendations on what to purchaseMonitors Flat panel monitors with high resolutions are recommended due to cost constraint, but as time goes on, we could change them to dual monitors. Printers HP Laser squirt P2015dn (monochrome) and HP Color Laser Jet 2605dn (color) is recommended. Scanners USB scanners are recommended. other(a) Peripherals much(prenominal) as Modems, NICs and Drives From previous experience, a individualised relationship has been developed with MNJ Technologies deal so it is recommended that supplies be purchased from them. Software Standards The software standards have a can of advantages and these include 1. An improved data sharing to ensure . The sharing of data between applications such as word processors, databases, spreadsheets and so on. b. That there are identical resources on eac h of the desktop to provide easy rapture of information and to serve as a consistent tool-set for all the bank workers. c. A consistency of file format to provide optimal file sharing between exclusives, units and departments within the organization. 2. An improved training which concenteres on a. group training in various courses and workshops for different levels of user proficiency i. e. the introductory, intercede as well as the advanced stages. b.Computer based training courses which is centered on selected software packages. 3. An improved support from the I. T support staff to focus on a. The depth of knowledge of application alternatively of the breadth of the large number of applicants. b. Product expertise. 4. Smoother software trigger and upgrades to ensure a. The proper generalisation of the different software for the new computers commonly making it a part of the initial hardware installation. b. That routine installation is made instead of a specialized proce ss for each person resulting in maximization of time and resources. c.That upgrades are tested and properly authenticated in site to reduce potential incompatibilities. Types of software standards 1. Fully back up software it is my responsibility as the I. T manager to ensure that the inhibit software is installed, to troubleshoot software problems, to provide training courses and to provide the documentation of selected packages. perspective productivity suite includes Microsoft word, Microsoft excel, PowerPoint, Access, and MS Office. i. Electronic mail/calendar ii. weathervane browser which includes internet explorer 6, safari 1 (Mac OS 10. 2), Firefox 2. iii. weather vane course development Desire2Learn. v. Web page development Dreamweaver MX. v. Image modify Adobe Creative Suite 2. 0. vi. Operating Systems Windows XP and Windows Vista. vii. File transfer Transmit, Filezilla 1. 7. viii. Other utilities PowerArchiver 2000, Norton Antivirus 10. 15, Print Key 2000. ix. N etwork operate system Netware 6, Microsoft waiter. x. Network clients Netware client 4. 9 SP2 (Win XP). 2. Partially supported software This may include some versions of the fully supported software and in some cases it includes a new release of a standard application. These includes i. Mathematical software Maple 10, Matlab 2006. i. Telnet Host explorer (Telnet) 4, Putty (Win). iii. Operating systems Windows 2000, Mac OS X 10. 3. iv. Statistics SPSS 15. x, SPSS 12. x, Minitab 15. x. v. Office productivity suite MS Office XP. 3. Non- supported software these are some software that the I. T will not install nor provide critical review support for because they are considered as obsolete. Examples of these include all Microsoft DOS and Windows 3. 1 based software. 4. However, changes will be made regularly by the I. T department to the computer hardware and software standards and this will be give-up the ghostd to all members of staff.Sufficient time will be allowed for the migrat ion to new standards changes will also be made regularly to the hardware configurations as technology and prices change and would also be communicated to all members of staff. Operating systems Operating systems are the virtually important software which sours on the computer. Without it, the application software which is intentional to communicate with the hardware through the run system cannot run. There are different types of operating systems and these can be classified into a. Single program operating system and . Multi tasking operating system The unity program operating system is a type of OS that allows only one program to run at a special time. This was later converted to the multi tasking operating system because it was found out that it was time consuming and not very pragmatic and professional to close one application in order to untied another one especially if you want to copy or transfer data from one application to another. The multi tasking operating system i s a type of OS that enables a unity user to have more than one applications open at the same time.It usually gives the computer the option of as trusted how many time slices will be allocated to each program. The main program gets the virtually and the rest is distributed to the remaining programs depending on their rates of activity. There are basically three types of the multi tasking operating systems. These are Single user multi tasking systems, corporeal time operating systems and the multi user operating system. The real time operating systems are usually employ to swear scientific instruments, industrial systems and so on. The user has little control over the activities performed by this type of system.The single user multi tasking system allows a single user to open and run different applications at the same time. Examples of this type are Windows of Microsoft and the Macintosh of apple. Multi user operating systems are systems that give access to the resources on a si ngle computer to many users at the same time. An example of this is the UNIX. However, the operating system that is commonly apply are Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP (coming in two versions as the household and the professional), Windows Vista, Windows CE, Apple Macintosh, Unix, Solex etc (Charette, 2005).Network Security The computer networks can either be public or private. They are utilise daily to conduct proceeding and to hasten communications amongst individuals, business and groups within an organization. The networks comprises of nodes which can be referred to as client limitinals and one or more servers or host computers. They are usually linked by communication systems which could be private which could be used within a company and public which can be accessed by members of the public such as the Internet.However, due to technological advancement, most of the companies host computers can be accessed by employees within the offi ces over a private communications network outside the offices through normal name lines (Tatnall et al. , 2002). Network security can then be described as involving all the activities that the various organizations, institutions, enterprises and so on take to protect the judge of their assets and the honor and continuity of their operations.In order to make the network in effect(p), threats should be identified and strategies put in place to combat them by making use of the different network security tools. Threats to network security There are different threats to network security and they include a. Viruses these are computer programs that have been written by programmers with the aim of infecting computers when triggered by a certain event. b. Trojan horse programs these are delivery vehicles for destructive codes which could appear as a harmless software program or as a profitable one. c. Vandals these are some software applications that can destroy the computer. . Attacks This could be information-gathering activities which collect data that is used to compromise networks, access attacks which exploit network vulnerabilities gaining entry to e-mails, databases and the corporate network and denial-of-service attacks which prevent access to some part or all move of the computer system. e. Data interception This involves the altering of data packets that are being transmitted. Some network security tools that can be put in place include a. Antivirus software packages These are used to counter most of the virus threats.They need to be modifyd regularly in order for it to be effective. b. Secure network infrastructure firewalls and intrusion espial systems provide protection for all the worlds of network hence enabling secure connections. c. Virtual private networks these are used to provide accessibility control and data encryption between different computers on a particular network. It allows the safe connection of workers to the network without the risk of someone else intercepting the data. d. Encryption these are used to make sure that messages cannot be read by anyone else other than the authorized recipients. . Identify services are services that identify users and control their activities as well as their various transactions on the network. function used here include authentication keys, passwords etc. However, no single solution can protect against the variety of the afore mentioned threats, as a result, dual layers of the security tools should be put in place. Network security is usually accomplished through the hardware as well as the software, with uninterrupted update of the software to further protect from the emerging threats.In order for the network security system to be effective, it is important to note that all the network security tools work hand in hand to background maintenance and to improve security. knob Server Computing Client server computer science can be defined as a distributed computing per plex where the requesting of services from the server processes is done by client applications. Here, both the clients and the servers run of different computers that have been interconnected by a computer network. Basically, it is server software that accepts requests for data from the client software and returns the results to the client.The major focus in client-server computing is on the software. A common example of the client-server computing is the use of the internet which could be the collection of information from the World encompassing Web. However, client server computing generally applies to systems in which the organization runs various programs that have multiple components distributed amongst different computers in a particular network. The imagination is linked with the enterprise computing which ensures availability of the computing resources.Client server systems are important and useful in the banks because it allows easy accessibility of account information on a central database server amongst other things. This will be very useful in the day-to-day operational activities. exclusively the access is done through a PC client which provides a graphical user interface (GUI). Data such as the individual account numbers can be entered into the GUI along with the different types of transactions made on the account be it withdrawal or deposits. The PC client validates the data, transfers it to the data base server and eventually displays the results.Client Server Toolkits It has been observed that a lot of software toolkits for the effective grammatical construction of client-server software are available today. These toolkits are referred to as middleware and examples are the circularise Software Foundation (OSF) Distributed Computing Environment (DCE), Distributed component object mildew (DCOM), Message-Oriented Middleware (MOM) and the Transaction processing monitors (TPM). Data Base Management System This is a collection of programs tha t enables effective storage, modification and extraction of information from a database.Its direct goal is to provide an environment that is convenient and efficient for the storage and the convalescence of information. Different types exist which range from small systems running on personal computers to huge systems running on mainframe computers. Examples of database management system are Microsoft Access, My SQL Server, Oracle and FileMaker Pro. Examples of the use of the database systems include Automated teller machines(ATM) Computerized library systems Computerized parts inventory systems Flight reservation systems Employee information systems Company payroll credit entry card processing systems Sales tracking systems and so on The internecine organization delimitates the ease and flexibility of information extraction. The requests for information from a database are made in form of a question. This information can be presented in different formats. The database ma nagement system includes a report author program which enables the siding of data in the form of a report some also include a graphics component which allows the output of information in the form of graphs and charts.The major purpose of a database system is that it provides users with an abstract view of data. Data is usually stored in complex data structures bit users see a simplified view of the data. Model turn over Controller Model view controller is a design archetype that is used by applications which need the ability to maintain multiple views of data. It focuses on a separation of objects into three categories such as Models for the maintenance of data Views for the display of all or a portion of data Controllers for the manipulation of events affecting both the models and the views.Due to the fact that it can be categorized, there can be interactions between multiple views and controllers with the same model and there can also be interactions between new views and controllers that were never in existence with a model without necessarily forcing a change in the design of the model. Model view controller can be delineated graphically as shown below pic The controller can change a model or a view or change both due to certain events. When a controller changes the model, all the dependent views update automatically and similarly, when a controller changes a view, the view gets data from the model to update itself.Enterprise resource planning (ERP) This is a term that is used to describe the set of activities supported by multi-module application software that helps businesses and companies to manage the important parts of its business. It is a package that promotes the seamless flow of information in any organization. The information from the ERP system provides visibility for key performance indicators that are necessary for meeting corporate and business objectives. ERP software applications are useful in managing product planning, providing customer service, purchasing, inventories and tracking orders.Enterprise resource planning includes application modules for the finance and the human resources aspects of any business. Typically, it has both standard hardware and software units that communicate on a local area network. This allows a business to add or to reconstruct modules while preserving the integrity of the data. Some of the players in the ERP market are SAP, PeopleSoft etc, while the new comers include Oracle, IBM and the Microsoft. Before an organization implements the ERP, certain issues need to be addressed and they are stated below The popular information systems Fluctuations in the choice of technology The ability of the market players to stay in tune with ERP The effective ways to implement business applications like ERP Ways to benefit from it in order to lead to competitive advantage The necessity for the innovation of software applications every these are important to take note of and will even tually determine the business model of the organization. The implementation of ERP is a very crucial factor in the ERP system. The success of a good ERP implementation lies in quick processes making training very important. The speed and extent of the training eventually determines the worth and the value of the ERP. finding Support System This is a term that describes computer applications which enhances the users abilities to make decisions. It describes a system that is designed to help decision makers identify problems and to make decisions to solve those problems by using information from a combination of raw data, personal knowledge, business models and communications technology (Hanna et. al, 2003). Information that can be gathered and presented by a decision support is Comparative sales figures from one period to the other Projected revenue figures which are usually based on assumptions on new product sales A stock of all the topical information assets which could be dat a sources, data warehouses, data marts etc. Components of Decision Support System According to Bhargava et. al,(1999), the components of Decision Support System can be classified as Inputs which include numbers and characteristics that are used for analysis User knowledge and expertise which are inputs that require manual of arms analysis by the users Outputs which are transformed data that aid the contemporaries of the DSS decisions Decisions these are the results generated by the DSS Applications of Decision Support SystemDecision support system can be used and applied in various studys. Some of them are stated as follows 1. It can be used for medical diagnosis in the clinics. 2. It is used extensively in business and management to allow faster decision making, better allocation and habit of resources and the early identification of negative trends which could pose as threats to the organization. 3. It is used in agricultural production systems to facilitate decision making at the farms and at policy levels. 4. It can also be used in timber management for long-term planning. 5.It can be designed to make useful decisions in the stock market or even in the marketing department of the banks to decide which segment or target group to design a product for. It is basically useful in any field where effective organization is necessary. Benefits of Decision Support System Some of the benefits of an effective DSS include 1. It helps to create competitive advantage amongst an organizations competitors. 2. It facilitates social relationships between the employees of a particular organization. 3. It increases control in an organization. 4. It speeds up the process of problem-solving in an organization. . It recognizes the importance of training and development within an organization and it promotes this. 6. It encourages advanced thinking as well as discovery of new areas of the decision maker hence improving motivation of the employee CONCLUSION It is worthy to note that the implementation of an effective information system is a continuous process that starts from the period the original suggestion was made and continues in the system as new users are introduced. Implementation plays a major role in the management of information technology and as such steps should be taken that it is done properly. REFERENCESAvgerou, C. , (2001). The significance of context in information systems and organizational change. Information systems Journal, Vol 11, pp 43 63. Bhargava, H. K. , Sridhar, S. & Herrick, C. (1999). Beyond spreadsheets Tools for building decision support systems. IEEE Computer, 32(3), 31-39. Charette, R. N. (September 2005). wherefore software Fails. IEEE Spectrum. Hanna, M. M. , Ahuja, R. K. & Winston, W. L. (2003). Developing spreadsheet-based decision support systems using VBA for Excel. Gainesville, USA variation Center. Ribeiro, L. & David, G. (2001). Impact of the information system on the pedagogical process.Stair, R. M. & Reynolds, G. W. (1999). Principles of information systems (4th ed. ). USA, cart track Technology ITP. Tatnall, A. , Davey, B. , Burgess, S. , Davison, A. & Wenn, A. (2002). Management information systems -concepts, issues, tools and applications. Melbourne Data Publishing. Wang, Y. and Strong, D. M. (1996). Beyond Accuracy What data quality means to data consumers. Journal of Management Information Systems, 12, pp. 5-34. Zhu, Z. and Meredith, P. H. (1995). delimit critical elements in JIT implementation a survey. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 95(8), pp. 21-29.

Movie Madness: Lord of War

In my opinion, Lord of War has a couple of different ethical issues in it. The main character in the movie, Yuri Orlov played by Nicolas Cage, sold outlawed guns to countries around the world. Yuri did not care who he sold the guns to, he was tho worried about making money. Although selling these guns brought Yuri a ton of money, this was wrong because Yuris did not care how his actions affected other spate (i. e. people getting killed by these illegal guns). The thought of selling illegal guns came from his uncle organism the head of the military.Yuri was not al looks a law breaker. He erst worked at his familys eatery, but he wasnt happy with the follow of money he was making. Even though the family business was making money, Yuri precious his family to live better then where. Yuri allowed avarice to get in the dash and he wanted to become rich. If Yuri would lose stayed true to his moral ethics, he would have realized that it would have been better for him to stay at the family restaurant and work on some different ways to grow the businesses income. Yuris actions were also morally unethical because he was breaking the law.Another way that Yuris decisions affected ethics was regarding business ethics. When Yuri was selling guns to other countries, including countries that were at war with his own country, he was essentially helping to potentially dismount wars. I also feel that it is morally unethical for Yuri to bring his fellow Vitaly into the illegal arms business. If Yuri wanted to be unethical, that is solely his choice further for him to basically plead with his companion to join him and play on his brothers sense of brotherly love is unethical.Yuri used the one thing he was always able to use against Vitaly to get him to do anything Brothers in arms. Yuri was only thinking about money, and was not thinking about the public assistance of his brother. This comes back to haunt Yuri, when he is forced to take cocaine from a drug dealer wh o is buying guns from him. The dealer forces Yuri and Vitaly to test the merchandise, which in wrestle caused Vitaly to get hooked and addicted to cocaine. Even though Yuri had good intentions of essay to get his brother rich, he hurt Vitaly in the long run.A good lesson to take away from this movie is that if something worth having it is worth working(a) hard for. There are no easy ways out. Yuri could have stayed home and worked at his family restaurant, but instead he let his greed get in the way. In regards to Vitaly, Yuri needed to realize that every decision that you make has repercussions and accountability, so you need to make sure you make the office decision. Yuri lied to his wife, and the repercussion of his betrayal was that she turned him in to the Interpol.

Netw410 Week2

Lab Report 1. What be the parentage goals? (10 points) patronage Goals for this project include addressing the growth of on-campus and online students. To accomplish these goals a centralized legion located in crude IT wing of the formation building providing online sustenance of all data. Replacing the PBX-based telephone transcription with a VoIP based system and connecting all buildings providing higher(prenominal)-speed wired net connection for all rapidity offices will be implemented along with controlled radio glide slope for students.Wireless access for students and general population will be provided outside the building. These steps are necessary to build a solid infrastructure for the cyberspace and suffer for and to plan growth. Funding has been established to purchase land 15 miles past and as the campus expands this will be the next site for expansion.The actual business goals for this project is to offer new and better services and support, open the netw ork to key constituents, build relationships and information accessibility to a new level, as a basis for the network organizational model, avoid business hoo-hah caused by network security problems, avoid business disruption caused by natural and unnatural disaster, modernize outdated technologies and reduce telecommunications and network costs, including command processing overhead time associated with separate networks for voice, data and video. 2.What are the business constraints? (10 points) The business constraints are corresponding all companies and they include budgets, personnel, policies and instrument. None of which have been defined in our soma lab scenario. Budget costs include equipment purchases, software licensing, maintenance placement and staff training. Personnel constraints related to the business constraints to be considered include the availableness of living trained personnel and if existing personnel moldiness collar excess training to implement and m aintain the proposed network changes.Policies of the organization mustiness(prenominal) be considered and since this a community college determination of protocols, standards and vendor selection must be determined. The final business constraint addressed should include the schedule of the implementation as not to interfere with veritable operation by faculty, staff and students. 3. What are the technical goals? (10 points) Technical goals of the project include up responsiveness and throughput of the network as many users are added along with additional applications, especially the VoIP based system.Simplifying network management is obtained by centralizing the server(s) and rest in a newly built IT wing in the administration building. By this centralization and backup improvement should be obtained to the security and reliableness of applications and data along with decreased expected downtime. By offering high speed wired network connections to each faculty office and control led wireless access for the students modernizing outdated technologies shines as one of the technical goals. With all these proposed improvements scalability of the network is achieved. . What are the technical constraints? (10 points) The current system equipment must coexist with the new equipment and as already discovered there must be change magnitude bandwidth. existent wiring should either be upgraded to accommodate upgraded speeds. The new or expanded network must not interfere with the current applications. any(prenominal) new network or expanded network should also go through IPv6 compatibility. 5. Diagram the existing network. (10 points) The actual Visio drawing is also submitted 6. Describe the existing network traffic. (10 points)Current network traffic is at 73% or more utilization based on a five minute honest with sustained spikes to 100% on the Cisco FastHub 400s installed in each building. or so 42 students are logged into each wireless access point. This is creating lag propagation and most assuredly dropped packets. While dropping packets with data is troublesome it is calamitous for voice or video. According to our text there should be no shared Ethernet segments that are saturated (no more than 40% network utilization. ) The current system is working at 73% utilization. Network traffic must be improved. 7.Complete this table for all of the applications that currently run over the network. (10 points) exercise Name Type New or Existing Criticality Comments Google Apps for facts of life Email / Web Site Existing X MS righteousness Productivity Existing X Web Browser (IE) Productivity Existing X Catalog / Checkout System / Library Database Existing brass Building only Data Share Productivity Existing X Terminal Emulation Program (AS400) Productivity Existing X tribunal Building only Blackboard Learning Management System (CRM) new-fangled X Internet Connection

The Success or Failure of Baz Luhrmann’s Movie, The Great Gatsby

Baz Luhrmanns The Great Gatsby attempts to dally the novel, exclusively fails miserably. F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby is very different in center from Luhrmanns aimic adaptation. The film, unlike the novel, makes Gatsby seem like a fool in love, and fails to show the idealism behind Gatsbys dream. Baz Luhrmanns The Great Gatsby attempts to enliven F. Scott Fitzgeralds themes, barely ends up failing miserably. The film tried to hoodwink too many themes at once, rather than focusing a equate crucial unmatcheds throughout the movie.The film was un satisfactory to convey the failure of the American Dream that Fitzgerald so aptly analyzed throughout his novel. Fitzgerald, unlike Luhrmann, was able to make the reader see that Gatsbys vision (all of his wealth and enormousness had a purpose to win over Daisy), which parallels the American Dream that many people strive for. The impossibility of this dream is keyed in on through the dialogue between Nick and Gatsby during L uhrmanns film, but it does non even come close to achieving the same effect that Fitzgerald did in his novel.Luhrmann focuses on how Gatsbys hope and determination to repeat the past in this one scene, but fails to tie this in throughout the movie. This important theme is forgotten by the end of the film because of how gaudily the film is stylized. The film may have accurately portrayed the imagery of the extravagant parties that Fitzgerald vividly described, but the glitzy diversions detract from the central themes. The disjointedness of the film, as a result of these distractions, cause the informant to forget the content of the film.Luhrmanns attention to the visual and musical aspects of the film prevented the film from exploring the themes that Fitzgerald was able to do by ensuring that the imagery served a great purpose (not just to become a box office advantage in Luhrmanns case). Also, the changes to Nicks character are operative as it shifts the focus from Gatsby to N ick. Fitzgerald purposefully leaves Nicks life ambiguous, but Luhrmann attempts to give Nicks departure from the East an edge by turning him into a drunkard. By doing this, Luhrmann emphasizes the excesses of the time, and ends up

In What Ways Did the Polices of Mao’s Bring Change to China in the Years 1952-1969 Essay

During the first five year plan, the transmute was successful for Chinas assiduity and husbandry. For Chinas horticulture, it was improved by encouraging smaller co-operatives to merge unneurotic to form a coarser co-operative, they pooled their land together to make bigger and to a greater extent efficient farms. So that heavy industry (road and railway construction, steel performance, etc) in China would be modernized, and that it could also be able to increase hoidenish production. Which draw out to expansion in both(prenominal) agriculture and industry.In industry, the Plan gave priority to the expansion of heavy industry, more especially steel, coal and machinery, and led to the setting up of many production plants, especially in the centre of China. This resulted in great expansion in heavy industry but led to the neglect of lighter, consumer industries such as cotton-making and food processing. Another event that took place was the corking parachute Forward, the change wasnt as successful as the First Five year Plan. As many people died from starvation and the famine during the time. The Great confine Forward was a disaster.Over 30 million people died because of it and in that location were cultural and environmental damages d unrivalled that will never repair. monoamine oxidase never got close to the goals which he had set even though he did manage to get an increase in iron production for a couple of year. During the time of the Great Leap Forward, Industry and Agriculture play a gigantic part of it. As Mao created communes,which meant joining a number of small farms together in an area to form one large work place and also some were as large as 25,000 people, because Mao felt that mass labor would increase agricultural productions without the cost of modern equipment.Another change was that industry slumped because people started producing steel which was poor quality and couldnt be used, and so furnaces took too oft of Chinas coal and so the trains ran out of coal. Old machines also fell apart from overuse, which meant that less time was spent on agriculture and more time was spent on producing coal. There were also huge food shortages as time was spent on producing coal. So thither was famine and people had to starve, as a result many died. This lead to The Cultural Revolution.The Cultural Revolution had a massive impact on China from 1965 to 1968, The Cultural Revolution is the name given to Maos attempt to reassert his beliefs in China. Mao had been less than a can-do leader from the late 1950s on (having suffered from the failure of his Great Leap Forward campaign), and fearing that others in his own party might be victorious on a leading role that weakened his power deep down the party and the country. The Cultural Revolution was an attempt by Mao to re-impose his situation on the party and therefore the country.As a result, many leading were removed and Revolutionary Committees dominated by the PL A ran the country and the opponents were either killed or sent into exile. Overall, the policies had brought major change to China. Some were successful such as the First Five Year Plan, which gave Chinas economy and agriculture a boom. But some like The Cultural Revolution and The Great Leap Forward, werent successful and was a failure, many people died passim the reign of Chairman Mao.

Patent Infringement of Internet Technology

Is carry out in Dispute & Factual BackgroundThe issue macrocosm disputed is whether Vonage contravened patent rectitude by using a scientific invention registered to Verizon, without permission, in providing its online communicating servicings. Infringement was claimed by Verizon on tercet of its patents.Since 2006, a string of patent infringement cases ware been filed against Vonage, an online parleys companion providing customers with the path to report done their computers through the mesh route. Verizon was first to sue Vonage for the riding habit of three patents covering the translation of analog voice signals into digital signals to allow customers to communicate through their computers with wideband connections. In March, a control board verdict establish Vonage to have infringed the patents and this was also upheld by the appellate hail unless only for the 2 patents.However, the appellate butterfly remanded the case big bucks to the lower court for re-det ermination of the monetary award since this was non detailed by the jury. Next to file a case was Sprint Nextel Corporation for the use of its patent voice-over internet protocol (VoIP), which allows computer users to bemuse calls using broadband connections. In September, a jury also found voyage to have infringed this patent. Lastly, Klausner Technologies also communicated its claims to Vonage but this has been settled. To date, claims of Sprint Nextel Corporation and Klausner have already been settled. all(prenominal) these claims involved Vonages online use of these technology patents in its online touristed communion services.Position of LitigantsVerizon based its claims on the infringement of three patents. indubitable 574 enhances translations of communication information such as foretell numbers or websites into IP addresses. procure 711 covers the manner of using computer speakers or microphones to communicate online. Patent 880 covers localized wireless gateway sys tem that enables phones to register with transceivers before connecting to the Internet.1Although these patents do not constitute online communications, this serves to enhance the system by providing a means of translating numerous digital to analog signals, instructing a means of using speakers and microphones to communicate online, and connecting into local base stations to connect lively phones to computers. By fling online communication services using these three patents without its permission, Verizon claims that Vonage has slanderd its patent grant.Vonage claims that it has not violated Verizons patents because it did not translate but merely extracted and reformatted the send for numbers. Verizon also claimed that the court of first instance erred in the direction it gave to the jury, specially on the construction of vital terms found in the claims. inaugural contested term is translation, which was construed by the courts generally instead of constricting this to the c onversation of higher to lower protocols as contained in the patent grant. plunk for contested term is conditional analysis, which was interpreted by the court as generating a result from a prior first condition. Vonage claims that this should be trammel only to the preferences of the parties using the system.2 Since its operations do not plunge under the technical systems procure by Verizon, it has not infringed any patent. estimable Issue & Opinion on the CasePrior to the cases, Vonage has hold up popular as an online communications familiarity3. In 2006, it launched virtual phone numbers in Europe4 implying the development of a sensitive type of Internet based society function apart from linking its services to various Internet communication bring such as voicemail. Its popularity was due to the competitive prices together with the high Internet accessibility in most developed countries and the higher interconnectivity it offers by be able to link landlines and mobile ph ones to computers when compared to purely landline or mobile services or with Internet connectivity but limited only to uniform network calls.Basically, prior to Vonages service, VoIP was already existent but with limited use only to partners of the service provider. Vonage took the VoIP concept fused it with the other online communication connectivity and processes and created a service that higher interconnectivity. Did Vonage violate the law? According to the courts, it did violate the patents of the two companies. Was its actions right or wrong?The answer privynot be seemingly stated in black and white. On one hand, this may be wrong because it profited out of somebody elses technological innovation but on the other hand, it served or even empowered the public by giving them an alternative option. Even in a competitive world, consumers, through demand, do not always influence market prices, quality of service, or innovation. This is especially so in the case of online technol ogy sector, which have become a venue for monopoly such as Microsoft.Under existing law and jurisprudence5 there may be infringement. However, this case could have become a landmark by clarifying the concept of patent for the purpose of negating infringement. A patent is a property right to use or have inventions for a given number of years and an invention is a new creation6. However, it does not necessarily cover purpose, function or importance to the community. Patent has also been used for abuse such as the monopolistic tendencies of technological companies. While private property should be respected, this should also be match with public good. Moreover, Internet technologies are virtual, making it necessary to determine or limit the processes or operations considered as qualifying for patents.ReferencesKSR Intl Co.v. Teleflex Inc. (No. 04-1350) 119 Fed. Appx. 282. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from www.law.cornell.edu/supct/ hypertext mark-up language/04-1350.ZO.html.Richtel, M . (2007, October 26). Shares Rise as Vonage Settles Fight over Patent. The sassy York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http//www.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/technology/26phone.html.Vonage (2007). Timeline. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from www.vonage.com.US Patent and Trademark Office (2007). General cultivation Concerning Patents. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http//www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/index.htmlpatent.Vonage Told to Stop Using Verizon applied science By IAN AUSTENPublished March 24, 2007A federal judge utter yesterday that he would order Vonage Holdings, the Internet-based telephone service, to stop using technologies patented by Verizon Communications.The decision, which could force Vonage to close or to install new systems, follows a jury decision this month that awarded Verizon $58 million and monthly royalties. alone the judge agreed to postpone the effective date of the injunction for two weeks while he considers a request by Vonage for a snag p ending what could be a lengthy appeal.The decision forced a temporary halt in the trading of Vonage shares and eventually sent the companionships stock down $1.05, or 26 percent, to close at $3. Vonage began trading last May at $17 a share.For Vonage, everything that can go wrong has gone wrong, said Richard Greenfield, the co-head of Pali Research in New York. The constant stream of bad publicity has got to be adding to customer churn.As it did earlier this month, Vonage quickly moved to assure its two million customers that their service would not be affected. It has said it is developing alternative technology that does not conflict with Verizons patents.We are footsure that Vonage customers will not gravel service interruptions or other changes, the companys chief executive, microphone Snyder, said in a statement. Our fight is far from over. We remain confident that Vonage has not infringed on any of Verizons patents.Brooke Schulz, a spokeswoman for Vonage, said the company h ad not seen any effect on its ability to attract and hold up customers because of the case.We believe this case has had not impact on churn to date, nor do we expect it to, she said.Judge Claude M. Hilton of Federal rule Court for the Eastern District of Virginia in Alexandria said yesterday that an injunction was necessary because fines and royalties will not prevent continued erosion of the client base of the plaintiff, The Associated Press inform from Alexandria.Vonage has been the early leader in an attempt by several companies to jailbreak traditional telephone company customers to Internet-based trade.Were pleased the court has immovable to issue a permanent injunction to protect Verizons patented innovations, said John Thorne, a senior vice president and surrogate general counsel at Verizon.The three patents that a jury found Vonage to be infringing upon involve the way the company moves calls to and from the Internet from the received telephone system, methods for giv ing customers calling features like call waiting, and means for providing Internet calling through wireless networks.If Vonage is forced to switch to other technologies, the cost and feasibility of such a change is not clear. It is believed that the company has the ability to make remote software updates in devices that its customers have installed at their homes and offices.Many conventional telephone companies hold patents involving Internet calling. Vonage faces a separate patent grammatical case from Sprint Nextel that has yet to go to trial.